Intergroup relations

Question 1

illusory correlation Hamilton and Gifford, 1976

Answer 1

formed an illusory correlation by perceiving a link between the two relatively infrequent and distinctive characteristics: undesirable behaviour, and membership in the group about which they had to read less info (less familiar)

Question 2

automatic activation

Answer 2

a stereotype becomes so well learned that activation becomes automatic

Question 3

social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1979)

Answer 3

theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self categorisation/a person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership(s)

Question 4

social categorisation

Answer 4

the process of identifying individual people as members of a social group because they share certain features that are typical of the group

Question 5

illusory correaltion

Answer 5

people perceive a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviours) even when no such relationship exists.

Question 6

implicit association test

Answer 6

reaction time to measure attitudes- particularly unpopular attitudes that people might conceal

Question 7

outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 7

tendency to see people within a same group as being more ‘similar’ than they really are

Question 8

conformation bias

Answer 8

search for, interpret, favour, and recall information in a way that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs

Question 9

tokenism and affirmative action

Answer 9

small gestures to help individuals members of disadvantaged groups
tokenism: favouring a minority group member over a majority group member in isolated episodes

Question 10

affirmative action (Heilman et al, 1992)

Answer 10

People are seen as less competent if they were hired under an affirmative action policy

Question 11

positive feedback bias

Answer 11

teachers mark more highly and less critically if they think it is from a minority group

Question 12

contact theory

Answer 12

bringing together members of opposing groups should improve intergroup realtions

Question 13

optimal conditions of intergroup contact (Allport, 1954)

Answer 13

• equality of status
• common goals
• intergroup co-operation
• support of authorities, law, or custom

Question 14

realistic conflict theory (Sherif)

Answer 14

• intergroup conflict is the outcome of a conflict interests between an in-group and an out-group
• negative prejudices and stereotypes are the result of competition between groups for desired resrouces
• conflict of interest generates negative attitudes and behaviours towards other group members

Question 15

just world hypothesis

Answer 15

people have a need to believe that their environment is a just and orderly place, where people usually get what they deserve

Question 16

contact hypothesis

Answer 16

the theory that certain types of direct contact between members of hostile groups will reduce stereotyping and prejudice

Question 17

extended contact effect

Answer 17

finding that people are less prejudiced if they are friends with an in-group member who they know to have good friendships with outgroup members