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Cardiology > intergration of cardivascular mechanisms > Flashcards

intergration of cardivascular mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

How is systemic vascular resustance regulated?

A

By vascular smooth muscle

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2
Q

Where is the main site of Systemic vascular resistance?

A

Arterioles

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3
Q

How is SVR increased by vascular smooth muscle?

A

Contraction of vascular smooth muscles causes vasoconstriction and increases SVR and MAP

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4
Q

How is SVR decreased by vascular smooth muscle?

A

Relaxation of vascular smooth muscles causes vasodilatation and decreases SVR and MAP

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5
Q

By which two mechanisms are vascular smooth muscles controlled by?

A

extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms

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6
Q

What are the three things resistance is reliant on?

A

length of blood vessels, blood viscosity and radius of blood vessels

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7
Q

Resistance to blood flow is: indirectly proportional to blood viscosity and length of blood vessel. True/false

A

False. Resistance to blood flow is: directly proportional to blood viscosity and length of blood vessel

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8
Q

How does radius of blood vessels affect resistance?

A

The smaller the radius the larger the resistance. Small changes in the radius of the vessels leads to a large change in flow

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9
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

The vessels are partially constricted at rest

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10
Q

What causes vasomotor tone?

A

continuous release of noradrenaline by sympathetic nervous system at resting conditions causes vasomotor tone which aids in maintaining our regular BP

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11
Q

What effect does decreased vasomotor tone have on vessels?

A

Causes vasodilation

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12
Q

Why is intrinsic control of vascular smooth muscle important?

A

At different ties you may need different blood flow to different organs. It is the main way in which local control is maintained

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13
Q

What components are intrinsic control made of?

A

chemical and physical factors

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14
Q

List the factors that cause vasodilation and metabolic hyperaemia

A

Decreased local PO2
Increased local PCO2

Increased local [H+] (decreased pH)
Increased extra-cellular [K+]
Increased osmolality of ECF
Adenosine release (from ATP)

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15
Q

Other than metabolites, what else causes contraction of smooth muscle?

A

local humoral agents

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16
Q

When are local humoral agents realeased?

A

in response to tissue injury or inflammation.

17
Q

What are examples of humoral agents that cause vasodilation?

A

histamine, bradykinin and nitric oxide

18
Q

What is nitric oxide and why is it important?

A

a gas produced by vascular endothelium. It is a potent vasodilator with a very short life(coupe seconds). It is important in regulation of blood flow and vascular health

19
Q

What are examples of humoral agents which cause vasoconstriction?

A

serotonin, thromboxane A, leukotrienes and endothelin

20
Q

What can damage to endothelium be caused by?

A

high Bp, high cholesterol, diabetes and smoking

21
Q

Why is endothelium important?

A

It is important in the maintenance of vascular health. It has a lot of functions and is not just a lining. Damage to it can cause many cardiovascular diseases.

22
Q

What are examples of endothelial produced vasodilators?

A

anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidants

23
Q

What are examples of endothelial produced vasoconstrictors?

A

are pro-thrombotic, pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidants

24
Q

What are the effects of temperature on vascular smooth muscle?

A

cold causes vasoconstriction and warmth causes vasodilation

25
Q

What effect does the myogenic response have on vascular smooth muscle?

A

If MAP rises resistance vessels automatically constrict to limit flow

If MAP falls resistance vessels automatically dilate to increase flow

26
Q

What is the effect of sheer stress on vascular smooth muscle?

A

Dilatation of arterioles causes sheer stress in the arteries upstream to make them dilate. This increases blood flow to metabolically active tissues

27
Q

What is the normal range for MAP?

A

70-105

28
Q

Does the brain usually participate in baroreceptor response?

A

No. Myogenic response regulates blood flow in important organs like the brain by keeping the blood flow constant despite changes in MAP.

29
Q

What does increased venomotor tone increase?

A

venous return. stroke volume and MAP

30
Q

What does vasomotor tone increase?

A

Systemic vascular resistance and MAP

31
Q

What does muscle activity increase?

A

Venous return to the heart via contraction of muscles.

32
Q

What are the acute CVS responses to excerise?

A
  • increased sympathetic activity
  • increased HR and SV
  • reduced flow to kidneys and gut
  • increased flow to skeletal and cardiac muscles
  • increased systolic but equal/lowered diastolic
33
Q

What causes post exercise hypotensive response?

A

pooling of blood into beds with vasoconstricted areas

34
Q

What are the chronic CVS responses to exercise?

A
  • reduction of sympathetic
  • incread parasympathetic tone to heart
  • cardiac remodelling
  • reduced plasma renin levels
  • reduced arterial stiffening
  • more vasodilators less vasoconstrictors

Cardiology (32 decks)

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