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Cardiology > cardiovascular risk factors > Flashcards

cardiovascular risk factors Flashcards

1
Q

Whats is the most common cause of premature death?

A

CHD

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2
Q

How many people die prematurely in the UK from CHD?

A

43,000

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3
Q

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

A

cardiovascular disease

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4
Q

What are examples of changes in habit that contribute to the global epidemic of CVD?

A

increases in smoking, dietary changes leading to increases in cholesterol, and rises in blood pressure levels

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5
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

a progressive disease that is characterized by a buildup of plaque within the arteries

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6
Q

How is plaque formed?

A

Plaque is formed from fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste, calcium, and fibrin
Plaque may partially or totally block the blood’s flow through an artery

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7
Q

What two things can occur with these plaques?

A

bleeding into the plaque, or formation of a clot on the surface of the plaque. If either of these happens and blocks the artery, a heart attack or stroke may result

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8
Q

What is the largest tissue in the body?

A

vascular endothelium

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9
Q

What is an atherothrombosis?

A

a term used to describe the formation of an acute thrombus in a vessel affected by atherosclerosis

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10
Q

Describe the progression of atherothrombosis?

A
  • normal
  • fatty streak
  • fibrous plaque
  • atherosclerotic plaque
  • plaque rupture/fissure and thrombosis
  • leading to MI, stroke, CVD, leg ischemia
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11
Q

Name some CVD risk factors

A
  • alcohol
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • high BP
  • diabetes
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12
Q

What are examples of modifiable risk factors for CVD?

A
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • lack of exercise
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13
Q

What are examples of non modifiable risk factors for CVD?

A
  • personal history of CHD
  • Family history
  • Age
  • Gender
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14
Q

Which cholesterol is strongly associated with increased CHD?

A

LDL and triglycerides

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15
Q

What does a 10% increase in LDL lead to?

A

20% increase in CHD risk

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16
Q

What are normal triglyceride levels?

A

2.3mmol/l

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17
Q

What is the relationship between HDL and atherosclerosis and CHD

A

HDL cholesterol has a protective effect.

-The higher the HDL cholesterol, the lower the risk for atherosclerosis and CHD

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18
Q

When does HDL cholesterol tend to be low?

A

When triglyceride is high.

-It is also lowered by smoking, obesity and physical inactivity

19
Q

What happens when LDL receptor doesn’t work?

A

LDL doesn’t get absorbed and so leads to build up of plaque for atherosclerosis

20
Q

Is total cholesterol a modifiable risk factor?

A

yes

21
Q

What does a 10% reduction in total cholesterol result in?

A
  • 15% reduction in CHD mortality and

- 11% reduction in total mortality

22
Q

What are the effects of statins?

A
  • reduce CHD end points
  • reduce total and LDL cholesterol
  • It is pleotropic
23
Q

What is pleotropic?

A
  • improves endothelial dysfunction
  • increased nittic oxide availability
  • antioxidant
24
Q

What is xanthelasma?

A

build up of plaque deposits on the eyelids. may or may not be associated with hyperlipidemia

25
Q

Whats a tendon xanthomas?

A

build up of plaques on tendons of fingers, patella, elbows, achilles

26
Q

Whats tuberous xanthomas?

A

lipid deposits in the dermis and subcutis; papuler, nodular or plaques; extensor surfaces of large joints, hands, buttocks, heels, flexures

27
Q

Whats eruptive xanthomas?

A

small reddish-yellow papules; buttocks, posterior thighs, body folds
usually abrupt increase in serum triglyceride levels

28
Q

Name a few diseases attributable to hypertension

A
  • aortic aneurysm
  • MI
  • cerebral haemorrhage
  • blindness
  • left ventricular hypertrophy
29
Q

What are the two types of hypertension?

A

essential hypertension and secondary hypertension

30
Q

What is essential hypertension?

A

One with no underlying cause.

-makes up 90% of cases

31
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

One with an underlying cause

32
Q

What is the most common form of blood pressure elevation in people over 60?

A

isolated systolic hypertension

33
Q

What link does BP have in CHD?

A

increasing systolic and diastolic BP are risk factors for CHD

34
Q

What does hypertension treatment reduce the risk of??

A
  • ischaemic heart disease
  • stroke
  • mortality
35
Q

What percentage of hypertensives have other risk factors ie diabetes, smoking

A

more than 95%

36
Q

What is the best drug treatments plan for hypertension?

A

-combination therapies are more efficient than titration of a drug

37
Q

What is the link between diabetes and CVD?

A

diabetes is more powerful as a singe factor than hypertension, total cholesterol or smoking

38
Q

Why is diabetes such a powerful risk factor in CVD?

A

oType 2 diabetes is associated with hypertension, abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism and increased propensity to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Hyperglycaemia itself may accelerate vascular damage. Type 2 diabetes is also a hypercoagulable state with enhanced coagulation, decreased fibrinolysis, and platelet hyperaggregability

39
Q

When do microvascular complications occur?

A

At onset of hyperglycaemia

40
Q

When do macro vascular complications occur?

A

Before the diagnosis of hyperglycaemia

41
Q

What is the link between diet and CVD?

A

Diet is very important. A Mediterranean diet could significantly reduce CVD.

42
Q

What is the percentage difference in premature deaths from CHD in manual workers compared to non-manual workers?

A

premature death from CHD lower for non manual workers than manual workers (58% lower)

43
Q

What is the link between deprivation and CHD?

A

More depraved more the risk of CHD?

44
Q

What ethnicity has the highest death rate for CHD in UK?

A

South Asians

Cardiology (32 decks)

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