fluid movement across the memebrane Flashcards

1
Q

What proportion of the body water is extracellular?

A

1/3

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2
Q

What proportion of the body water is intracellular?

A

75%

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3
Q

What makes up capillaries?

A

A dingle layer of endothelial cells

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4
Q

What do capillaries allow?

A

rapid exchange of gases, water and solutes with interstitial fluid.

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5
Q

What is the main function of capillaries?

A

deliver nutrients and O2 to the cells

Removal of metabolites from cells

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6
Q

What does the flow in the capillaries depend on?

A

contractile state of the arterioles

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7
Q

What regulates regional flow to the capillary bed?

A

terminal arterioles

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8
Q

What regulates flow in some tissues?

A

precapillary sphincters

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9
Q

What is the rate of the blood through in the capillary bed and why?

A

slow to allow adequate time for exchange

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10
Q

How do small water soluble substance cross the capillary?

A

through pores

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11
Q

How do lipid soluble substances pass through the capillary?

A

They pass through the endothelial cells

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12
Q

How do exchangeable proteins pass through the capillary?

A

They are moved across by vesicular transport

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13
Q

How do plasma proteins cross the capillary?

A

They don’t. They usually stay within the blood

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14
Q

How is trans capillary fluid flow driven?

A

it is driven by pressure gradients across the capillary wall

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15
Q

What is ultra filtration?

A

exchange across the capillary wall of essentially protein- free plasma

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16
Q

What is the equation for net filtration pressure?

A

NFP= sum of forces favouring filtration - sum of forces opposing filtration

17
Q

What is the filtration coefficient?

A

How permeable the membrane is to fluid

18
Q

What are two forces favouring filtration?

A
  • Pc : capillary hydrostatic pressure

- interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

19
Q

What causes capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

BP

20
Q

What are two forces opposing filtration?

A
  • capillary osmotic pressure

- interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

21
Q

Starling forces favour filtration at arteriolar end and reabsorption at venular end. True/ False?

A

True

22
Q

What is the NFP at the venular end?

A

(-8mmHg), favouring movement from interstsitium back into the capillaries

23
Q

What is the NFP at the arteriolar end?

A

(10mmHg), favouring movement from capillary into the interstitium

24
Q

Where does excess fluid go?

A

excess fluid is returned to the circulation via the lymphatics as lymph

25
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary resistance and systemic resistance?

A

pulmonary resistance is much lower

26
Q

What is oedema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in interstitial space

27
Q

What two things are affected by oedema?

A
  • diffusion distance is increased meaning gas exchange is compromised
  • compliance is also affected
28
Q

What are the causes of oedema?

A
  • raised capillary pressure
  • reduced plasma osmotic pressure
  • lymphatic insufficiency
  • changes in capillary permeability
29
Q

What causes raised capillary pressure?

A
  • arteriolar dilation

- raised venous pressure ie from LVF, RVF, valvular damage

30
Q

What effect does HF have on the Frank Starling curve?

A

It shifts the curve to the right

31
Q

at which plasma osmotic pressure does oedema occur?

A

Oedema occurs if pressure is less than 30g/l

32
Q

What causes a reduced plasma osmotic pressure?

A
  • malnutrition
  • protein malabsorption
  • excessive renal excretion of protein
  • hepatic failure
33
Q

What causes lymphatic insufficiency?

A
  • lymph node damage

- filariasis

34
Q

What is the difference between oedema caused by HF than oedema caused by lymphatic insufficiency?

A

You wont have pitting oedema in lymphatic insufficiency

35
Q

What causes changes in capillary permeability?

A
  • inflammation

- histamine which increases leakage of protein

36
Q

What are the clinical signs for pulmonary oedema?

A
  • SOB
  • crepitation in auscultations of lung bases
  • haziness in peripheral regions on a CXR