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Cardiology > Heart Failure > Flashcards

Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is heart failure also referred to as?

A

Congestive cardiac failure

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2
Q

What is heart failure caused by?

A

Low cardiac output

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3
Q

What are the types of heart failure?

A
  • LVF
  • RVF
  • mixed
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4
Q

What are the main causes of LVF?

A
  • interstitial disease especially previous MIs
  • cardiomyopathy
  • valvular disease
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5
Q

Why do previous MIs cause LVF?

A

-when have an MI and some of the muscle dies off then that causes scarring which means the ventricle cant contract very well

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6
Q

What causes RVF?

A
  • LVF
  • Cor pulmonale
  • congenital heart disease
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of LVF?

A
  • dyspnoea on exertion/rest
  • orthopnoea
  • paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
  • pulmonary oedema
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8
Q

What are the signs of LVF?

A
  • tachycardia
  • fine crepitation
  • pleural effusion
  • 3rd heart sound
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9
Q

What do you get if you mix the third heart sound with tachycardia?

A

galloping

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10
Q

What do you see on a CXR in LVF?

A
  • cardiomegaly
  • bats wing shadows on lower zones
  • interstitial fluid
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11
Q

What is another cause of pleural effusions?

A

lung cancer

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of RVF?

A

oedema

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13
Q

What are the signs of RVF?

A
  • oedema
  • elevated JVP
  • hepatomegaly
  • ascites
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14
Q

What would you see on a CXR in RVF?

A

normal usually since you dont see the R side on CXR most the time

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15
Q

In which causes for HF is standard medical therapy for HF used?

A
  • Previous Mis

- Cardiomyopathies

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16
Q

What is the specific therapy used for HF caused by cor pulmonale?

A

-Rx diuretics and oxygen only

17
Q

What is the specific therapy used for HF caused by valvular disease?

A

-surgery ideally (valve replacement)

18
Q

What is the specific therapy used for HF caused by fast AF?

A

Digoxin or DC shock

19
Q

What is the most commonly used standard medical treatment for CCF?

A
  • diuretics
  • ACEI
  • Bblockers
  • spironolactone
20
Q

What can also be considered standard medical treatment for CCF?

A
  • digoxin
  • other vasodilators
  • implantable cardiac defibrillators
  • cardiac resynchronisation therapy
  • transplantation
21
Q

Which diuretic is preferred in CCF?

A

loop diuretics

22
Q

What is one of the side effects of furosemide?

A

lose potassium

23
Q

How can the loss of potassium be regained?

A

use of furosemide alongside ACEI and spiralactone which increase K

24
Q

What is one of the most undesired side effects of spiralactone?

A

Gynaecomastia - reduces the male hormones in men causing moobs. Reduces female hormones in women as well

25
Q

What does ivabradine do?

A

slows HR in sinus rhythm and is useful in people who cant take B Blockers such as asthmatics. Also can be used in angina

26
Q

What is sacubitruil-valsartan?

A

combination of ARB and Neprilysin Inhibitor

27
Q

What does Neprilysin Inhibitors do?

A

blocks natriuretic peptide breakdown and boosts natriuretic peptide levels

28
Q

What could sacubitruil-valsartan replace in the future?

A

ACEIs

29
Q

What is a side effect of sacubitruil-valsartan

A

angioneurotic oedema

30
Q

What must you not use sacubitruil-valsartan alongside?

A

ACEI, must jeep 48h between use of each

31
Q

What is the advantage of cardiac resynchronisation therapy?

A

3 pacemakers inserted to force LV and RV to contract together at same time.

32
Q

What do normal pacemakers do?

A

stimulate only the right side of the heart

33
Q

When do we use cardiac resynchronisation therapy?

A

in prolonged QRS and bundle branch block

34
Q

What si the acute LVF therapy?

A
  • sit up
  • oxygen (careful in COPD)
  • intravenous furosemide
  • intravenous diamorphine (not in COPD)
  • Intravenous nitrates

Cardiology (32 decks)

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