Intellectual Revolutions in Society

Question 1

• Pertains to the period of paradigm shifts or changes in scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people.​
• Religion, politics, and cultural establishments were greatly influenced by _____
• They altered society’s view on the world and brought along a new way of life

Answer 1

Intellectual revolutions

Question 2

Why were there resistance and controversy during the intellectual revolutions?

Answer 2

• They increased the challenges of the church and government as society was becoming more secular
• Power relations between scientific institutions and traditional communities were strained
• It took decades before the acceptance of alternative principles and theories arrived

Question 3

3 most important Intellectual Revolutions:

Answer 3

• Copernican
• Darwinian
• Freudian

Question 4

The Copernican Revolution is named after Polish mathematician and astronomer, _____

Answer 4

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 5

Copernicus formulated this model of the universe

Answer 5

Heliocentric Model of the Universe

• Refers to a heliocentric understanding of the universe, wherein the sun is the center of the universe

Question 6

What did Copernicus’ model challenge?

Answer 6

The initial geocentric understanding of the universe, wherein the earth is the center

Question 7

Controversy of the Copernican Revolution:

Answer 7

It changed the role of astronomy

Came with great resistance from the scientific community and the church

Copernicus was accused of heresy

Question 8

The Copernican Revolution marked the beginning of modern astrology, and continued to develop with the mathematical equations of _____

Answer 8

Isaac Newton

Question 9

Proponent of the Darwinian Revolution:

Answer 9

Charles Darwin

Question 10

Darwin’s theory that caused a stir in the mid-19th century:

Answer 10

Theory of Evolution

• Paved the way to rationalize the development of organisms, the unique forms of life, and humanity

Question 11

Evolution is an orderly process of change detached from the _____

Answer 11

Laws of nature

Question 12

Furthermore, Darwin was able to gather evidence on his notion of _____

Answer 12

Natural Selection

• An evolutionary process wherein organisms inherit, develop, and adapt traits in order to survive and reproduce

Question 13

Proponent of the Freudian Revolution:

Answer 13

Sigmund Freud, Austrian neurologist

Question 14

Freud’s school of thought in psychology that birthed the revolution:

Answer 14

Psychoanalysis

Question 15

Psychoanalysis is a scientific method of understanding

Answer 15

• Inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s personality
• Conflicts stem from free associations, dreams, fantasies of the individual

Question 16

Freud’s Iceberg Model:

Answer 16

• The conscious mind with the ego (reality) at its helm is the visible tip of the iceberg
• Beneath the surface, the larger unconscious realm that subtly steers actions and reactions houses the:

1. Primal instincts of the id (instincts)
2. Moral compass of the superego (morals)

Question 17

In recent times, psychological disorders are treated using _____ that have been greatly influenced by Freud’s work on psychoanalysis

Answer 17

Psychodynamic therapies