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STS > (FINALS) Chapter 9: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) and Gene Therapy > Flashcards

(FINALS) Chapter 9: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) and Gene Therapy Flashcards

1
Q
  • Any creature whose genetic makeup has been changed by various genetic engineering techniques
  • This results to combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and virus genes that DO NOT OCCUR IN NATURE or through traditional cross breeding methods
A

Genetically Modified Organisms

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2
Q

GMO Towards Agriculture:

A

PROS

  • GMO reduces overall environment impact of pesticides by 17.3%
  • Herbicide tolerence
  • Builds soil structure, clean air and conserve water
  • High resistance of crops towards viruses, fungi and bacteria

CONS

  • Alterations in greenhouse gas emissions
  • Transfer of genes might result to induction of resistance
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3
Q

GMO Towards Food:

A

PROS

  • Easy storage and transport
  • Less prone to waste due to aging
  • Higher in nutrients
  • Help slow climate change by reducing greenhouse gases

CONS

  • Risk of outcrossing or outbreeding
  • Reduction in other plant types
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4
Q

GMO Towards Human Health:

A

CONS

  • The development of cancer
  • Triggers allergic reactions
  • Transfer of antibiotic resistance
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5
Q
  • The artificial manipulation and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules to alter an organism or population or organisms
  • Referred from recombinant DNA technology
A

Genetic Engineering

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6
Q

They discovered DNA

A

James Watson & Francis Crick

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7
Q

The first scientists to alter an organism

A

Howard Bowen & Stanley Cohen

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8
Q

In this year, The US Supreme Court permitted GMO patenting

This business was able to operate an oil-consuming microbe in the same year

A

1982; Exxon Oil Business

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9
Q

In 1993, FDA approved it

  • Metabolic protein hormone
  • Dairy cow milk production
A

Bovin Somatotropin (bST)

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10
Q

In 1994

  • Sold in supermarkets
  • Longer shelf life compared to regular tomatoes
A

Flavr Savr Tomato

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11
Q

In 1995, this agency declared B+ potatoes, maize and soybeans safe

A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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12
Q

In 1996, super weeds were discovered to be resistant to _____

In the same year _____ the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned

A

Glyphosate; Dolly

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13
Q

In 1997, this agency declared all GMO food items should be labelled as such

A

Europlan Union

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14
Q

In 1998

Discovery of a genetically altered papaya in Hawaii was found resistant to the _____ and generate Bacillus thuringienses toxin

A

Ring spot virus

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15
Q

In 2000, because of the Public Health concern in Asian nations, this was developed

A

Golden Rice

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16
Q

In 2003

  • Discovered in the Southern United States
  • A caterpillar-cummoth was observed grazing on genetically modified cotton crops
A

Helicoverpa zea

17
Q

In 2006

These animals were genetically engineered to generate progeny

A

Yorkshire Pigs

18
Q

In 2012, he filed a case againt Monsanto after being poisoned and won

A

Paul Francois

19
Q

In 2013

Genetically engineered maize and poplars were utilized to create _____

A

Biofuel

20
Q

In present times

To date, the primary points in contention for GMOs are:

A
  • The safety of GMOs
  • The human rights to change naturally existing organisms
21
Q

The process of introducing genes or nucleic acids into cells as a medication to cure disease

A

Gene Therapy

22
Q

In 1972, they used healthy DNA to replace their damaged DNA

A

Theodore Friedman &
Richard Roblin

23
Q

In 1985, they declared that tissue culture may be used to rectify the Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficit in patient cells.

A

Dr W. French Anderson & Dr. Michael Blasse

24
Q

From 1990-1993, Dr. Anderson and the NIH conducted the first clinical study on gene therapy with a 4-year-old-girl with ADA. The first _____ resulted in a lasting genetic alteration

A

Somatic therapy

25
Q

In 2003, China authorised _____, the first gene therapy medication

A

Gendicine

26
Q

Widespread implementation of a safe and effective gene therapy process necessitates further _____ in this domain

A

Research

27
Q

ETHICAL ISSUES IN GENETIC ENGINEERING:

A
  • The notion for humans to have a hand in genetically altering and engineering organisms is unethical
  • The practice of cloning raises ethical concerns due to its potential transgression of certain religious beliefs
  • Ethical and moral issues surround stem cell therapy as it utilizes stem cells from human embryos

STS (12 decks)

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