(FINALS) Chapter 9: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) and Gene Therapy Flashcards
- Any creature whose genetic makeup has been changed by various genetic engineering techniques
- This results to combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and virus genes that DO NOT OCCUR IN NATURE or through traditional cross breeding methods
Genetically Modified Organisms
GMO Towards Agriculture:
PROS
- GMO reduces overall environment impact of pesticides by 17.3%
- Herbicide tolerence
- Builds soil structure, clean air and conserve water
- High resistance of crops towards viruses, fungi and bacteria
CONS
- Alterations in greenhouse gas emissions
- Transfer of genes might result to induction of resistance
GMO Towards Food:
PROS
- Easy storage and transport
- Less prone to waste due to aging
- Higher in nutrients
- Help slow climate change by reducing greenhouse gases
CONS
- Risk of outcrossing or outbreeding
- Reduction in other plant types
GMO Towards Human Health:
CONS
- The development of cancer
- Triggers allergic reactions
- Transfer of antibiotic resistance
- The artificial manipulation and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules to alter an organism or population or organisms
- Referred from recombinant DNA technology
Genetic Engineering
They discovered DNA
James Watson & Francis Crick
The first scientists to alter an organism
Howard Bowen & Stanley Cohen
In this year, The US Supreme Court permitted GMO patenting
This business was able to operate an oil-consuming microbe in the same year
1982; Exxon Oil Business
In 1993, FDA approved it
- Metabolic protein hormone
- Dairy cow milk production
Bovin Somatotropin (bST)
In 1994
- Sold in supermarkets
- Longer shelf life compared to regular tomatoes
Flavr Savr Tomato
In 1995, this agency declared B+ potatoes, maize and soybeans safe
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
In 1996, super weeds were discovered to be resistant to _____
In the same year _____ the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned
Glyphosate; Dolly
In 1997, this agency declared all GMO food items should be labelled as such
Europlan Union
In 1998
Discovery of a genetically altered papaya in Hawaii was found resistant to the _____ and generate Bacillus thuringienses toxin
Ring spot virus
In 2000, because of the Public Health concern in Asian nations, this was developed
Golden Rice
In 2003
- Discovered in the Southern United States
- A caterpillar-cummoth was observed grazing on genetically modified cotton crops
Helicoverpa zea
In 2006
These animals were genetically engineered to generate progeny
Yorkshire Pigs
In 2012, he filed a case againt Monsanto after being poisoned and won
Paul Francois
In 2013
Genetically engineered maize and poplars were utilized to create _____
Biofuel
In present times
To date, the primary points in contention for GMOs are:
- The safety of GMOs
- The human rights to change naturally existing organisms
The process of introducing genes or nucleic acids into cells as a medication to cure disease
Gene Therapy
In 1972, they used healthy DNA to replace their damaged DNA
Theodore Friedman &
Richard Roblin
In 1985, they declared that tissue culture may be used to rectify the Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficit in patient cells.
Dr W. French Anderson & Dr. Michael Blasse
From 1990-1993, Dr. Anderson and the NIH conducted the first clinical study on gene therapy with a 4-year-old-girl with ADA. The first _____ resulted in a lasting genetic alteration
Somatic therapy
