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STS > Historical Antecedents Of Science And Technoloy g > Flashcards

Historical Antecedents Of Science And Technoloy g Flashcards

1
Q

It is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something

A

Antecedents

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2
Q
  • Factors that ushered in the advancement of scientific and technological inventions of modern times
  • The previous state of science and technology before something more advanced was created
  • Prevailing and non-tangible societal conditions which compel scientists to create or innovate
A

Historical antecedents in science and technology

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3
Q

During the ancient times, knowledge and understanding were passed down through generations through _____

A

Oral tradition

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4
Q

Developing science and technology was difficult during the ancient times because men focused on:

A

Survival

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5
Q

Foundations of science emerged in these ancient civiliations:

A
  • Mesopotamia
  • Indus
  • Ancient Egypt
  • Ancient Greece
  • Ancient China
  • Ancient Rome
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6
Q
  • An Ancient Greek hand-powered orrery, described as the oldest example of an analogue computer
  • It is akin to a clock in the way that it has a circular face and rotating hands
  • One of oldest known antecedent of modern clock
A

Antikythera mechanism

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7
Q

What was the Antikythera mechanism used for?

A
  • Used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses decades in advance.
  • For calendar and astronomical purposes
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8
Q
  • The most important Sumerian invention
  • Grew out of a mechanical device called the potter’s wheel
A

Ancient Wheel / Sumerian Wheel

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9
Q

What was Ancient Wheel used for?

A
  • Shifted to 90-degree angle for transportation
  • First used on carts
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10
Q

Ancient Wheel led to the invention of:

A

Plow and chariot

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11
Q
  • A heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis.
  • The invention is often credited to the Sumerians since no other ancient civilization used a similar device at that time.
A

Potter’s Wheel

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12
Q
  • Roughly around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians began writing on it
  • A material similar to thick paper.
  • It is lightweight, strong, durable and most importantly, portable.
A

Papyrus

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13
Q

What is Papyrus made from?

A
  • It is made from the pith of the papyrus plant cyperus papyrus from the Nile River
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14
Q
  • A hand-operated device used for lifting water.
  • Introduced the idea of lifting things using
    counterweights.
A

Shadoof / Shaduf

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15
Q

What was the Shadoof invented for?

A
  • An early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate lands, especially along the Nile river
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16
Q
  • A steam-powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was heated
  • Antecedent of the steam engine
A

Aeolipile / Hero’s Engine

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17
Q

Who is credited for the Aeolipile?

A

Hero of Alexandria

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18
Q
  • Known as the true Dark Ages
  • Society transitioned from a period of reason into barbarism and ignorance
  • Period marked by frequent wars and conflicts resulting in population shifts and disappearance of urban life
A

Early Middles Ages (476-1000)

19
Q

In the Early Middle Ages, _____ enabled scientific processes to exist and progress.

_____ and _____ were relevant scientific disciplines.

A

Monastic study

Mathematics & Geometry

20
Q
  • Period of prolonged war between Muslims & Christians
  • Led to growth in population and a shared Christian identity
A

High Middle Ages (1000-1250)

21
Q

High Middle Ages improvements:

A
  • Flourishing in the trading industry because of merchants sharing cultures
  • Muslims translating books from Greek to Arabic, bringing in progress on translation
  • Caused stadium generale - boom in medieval universities
  • Christian scholasticism and scientific method were established
22
Q
  • Transition from medieval to modern society
  • Multiple crises resulted in a decline in social order and depopulation
  • Advancement in science arose
A

Late Middle Ages

23
Q
  • One of the most important technological innovations during the middle age
  • Caused agricultural revolution and European economy to flourish
  • Suddenly, the fields with the heavy, fatty, and moist clay soils became those that gave the greatest yield.
A

Heavy Plough

24
Q
  • Unintentional creation of Chinese alchemists who wanted to invent the elixir of life
  • Since its invention, it allowed for more advanced warfare.
  • Prompted the foundation for the functionality of almost every new weapon used in war since its invention
A

Gunpowder

25
Q

The Chinese called gunpower:

A

Huoyao, or “fire potion”

26
Q

First known versions of could be traced back to the Chinese in 17th century AD as an offshoot of the invention of block printing, which is similar to stamping

A

Paper Money

27
Q

Traders and merchants eventually realized the huge advantage of using paper money because it was a convenient form of currency compared to the previous forms of currencies such as _____

A

Gold or silver coins

28
Q
  • Helped develop clockwork technology in the Middle Ages
  • Its development paved the way for accurately keeping track of time
  • Determines minutes, seconds, and hours
A

Mechanical Clock

29
Q
  • A machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven into cloth on a loom
  • Sped up the rate at which fiber could be spun by the factor of 10 to 100 times
  • Breakthrough in linen production
A

Spinning Wheel

30
Q
  • It is theorized that the _____ invented the spinning wheel between 6th and 11th century AD
A

Indians

31
Q

First blossomed in Europe. Manifested by a worldwide population increase, scientific findings, inventions and innovations in technology, urbanization, and globalization.

It is also divided into two sub-periods.

A

Modern Age

32
Q

In this period, there was the Great Divergence; the West had extraordinary wealth and power.

Independence of science ushered in reason, rationalism, scientific inquiry which took over church and monarchy.

A

Early Modern Period

33
Q

In this period, immense social, economic, and political changes occurred because of various Revolutions.

Transportation was faster because of the invention of engines, ships, and railways.

Era of secularism because of democracy, individual rights, urbanization, and mass media.

A

Late Modern Period

34
Q
  • An important progression from the single lens microscope
  • Began experimenting by putting together several lenses on a tube.
A

Compound Microscope

35
Q

A Dutch spectacle maker named _____ is credited for inventing Compound Microscope in 1590

A

Zacharias Janssen

36
Q
  • Drastically changed the study of astronomy
  • This invention could magnify objects 20 times larger than the Dutch perspective glasses
A

Telescope

37
Q

Telescope was invented by:

A

Galileo Galilei

38
Q
  • Considered as one of the most critical drivers of the Industrial revolution
  • Simplifies textile manufacturing
  • Important antecedent of modern computer technology as it demonstrated the use of punch cards to instruct the machine to carry out complex tasks
A

Jacquard Loom

39
Q

Jacquard Loom invented by

A

Joseph Marie Jacquard

40
Q
  • Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and successfully operating it first
  • Demonstrated in Flying Machine patent (US patent #821393) that slightly tilted wings worked
A

Engine Powered Airplane

41
Q

Successfully televised objects in outline in 1924, recognizable human faces in 1925, and moving objects in 1926 and projected colored images in 1928

A

Television

42
Q

Television was invented by

A

Joseph Logie Baird

43
Q

Used Baird’s television technology for its earliest television programming in 1929

A

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

STS (12 decks)

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