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Histology > integumentary system online module part 2 W6 > Flashcards

integumentary system online module part 2 W6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the dermis

A

the layer of connective tissue that lies directly beneath the epidermis

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the dermis

A

to support the epidermis both metabolically and structurally (strength and flexibility)

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3
Q

what are the accessories of the skin that the dermis contains (5)

A 
hair folicles
sebaceous glands 
sweat glands 
blood and lymphatic vessels 
nerve fibres and sensory receptors
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4
Q

what are the two types of connective tissue that make up the dermis

A

loose and dense irreg CT

papillary and reticular dermis

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5
Q

what is the name of the loose connctive tissue region that lies directly beneath the epidermis

A

papillarylayer

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6
Q

what does the papillary layer form

A

dermal papilla between the epidermal pegs

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7
Q

whereis the reticular dermis found

A

between the papillary layer and the hypodermis

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8
Q

what is the reticular dermis made out of (tissue type)

A

dense irreg CT

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9
Q

what are the main fibres found in the dermis

A

collagen

elastic fibres

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10
Q

whats the best way to stain elastic fibres

A

orcein stain (stains elstic fibres black)

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11
Q

why are collagen fibres usually found running alongside elastic fibres

A

to resist and prevent overstretching

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12
Q

what layer is found beneath the dermis(3 diff mnames)

A

the subcutus, or the subcutaneous layer, or the hypodemis

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13
Q

is the hypodermis /subcutaneous layer partof the skin

A

no

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14
Q

is the hypodermis / subcutaneous layer part of the integumentary system?

A

yes

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15
Q

what makes up the hypodermis? (2)

A

CT and adipose tissue

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16
Q

sometimes the bottom of …. …. can be seen extending down into the hypodermis

A

hair follicles

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17
Q

what are the four different types of sensory innervations of the the skin (sensory components)

A

free nerve endings
markel cells
meissner’s corpuscle
pacinian conpuscle

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18
Q

what do free nerve endings detect (2)

A

temperature changes and pain

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19
Q

what do merkel cells and meissner’s corpuscles detect (1)

A

touch

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20
Q

what do pacinian corpuscles detect

A

pressure and vibration

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21
Q

where are free nerve endings found (2)

A

epidermis and dermis

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22
Q

where are merkel cells found

A

stratum basale of the epidermis

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23
Q

where are meissner’s corpuscules found

A

in the papillary dermis

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24
Q

where are pacinian corpuscles found

A

in the reticular dermis (extending as far down as the hypodermis

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25
Q

what does this pic depict ?

A

pacinian corpuscle

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26
Q

what does this pic depict ?

A

meissner’s corpuscle

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27
Q

what are the four primary appendages of the skin

A

hair / hair follicles
nails
sebaceous glands
sweat glands

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28
Q

what are two appendages are commonly found together

A

sebaceous glands and hair/hair folicles

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29
Q

what are sebaceous glands and hairfollicles called as a siglular structure

A

pilosebaceous apparatus

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30
Q

hair follicles are down growths of the ….

A

epidermis

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31
Q

where are arrector pili muscles found

A

connect to hair follicles

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32
Q

what is the name of the muscles that is found connecting to a hair folicle

A

arrector pili muscle

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33
Q

what type of muscle comprises the arrector pili muscle

A

smooth muscle

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34
Q

what is the hair shaft made up of (3) out –> inside

A

cuticle
cortex
medulla

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35
Q

where oes hair begin growth

A

hair bulb

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36
Q

what occurs in the hair bulb

A

lots of mitosis

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37
Q

what cells are found in hair bulbs

A

melanocytes

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38
Q

what does the hair bulb contain ( hint .. specialised area of the …..)

A

dermis

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39
Q

what is the specialised are of the dermis within a hair bulb called

A

papilla dermis

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40
Q

what is within the papilla dermis (3 main components)

A

lots of nerves, blood vessels, mesenchymal stem cells

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41
Q

what produces the hair shaft and where does this occur

A

lots of actively dividing stem cells produce hair shaft (and other layers of hair follicell
within the papilla dermis inside the hair bulb

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42
Q

what happens in melanocye cells run out in the hair papilla ( inside the hair bulb)

A

your hair turns grey

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43
Q

what is the matrix

A

a number of diving cells which go on to form the hair shaft and the outer layers of hair folicel

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44
Q

what do melanocytes do in the hair papilla in the hair bulb,

A

give hair its colour

45
Q

what are these thing on the pic

A

hair follicels

46
Q

what are the two types of keratin

A

hard and soft

47
Q

what determines the hardness or the softness of the keratin

A

the levels of sulfation the keratin has undergone

48
Q

lots of sulfur = ……keratin

A

hard

49
Q

little sulfur = ….keratin

A

soft

50
Q

epidermal keratin is ….. sulfated and therefore ….

A

less and therefore

soft

51
Q

hair/nail keratin is …. sulphated and therefore …

A

more and therefore

hard

52
Q

what are the three glands of the skin

A

sebaceous
eccrine sweat glands
apocrine sweat glands

53
Q

what is another name for apocrine sweat glands

A

odoriferous glands

54
Q

what do sebceous glands secrete and via what more of secretion

A

holocrine secretion of sebum

55
Q

what do eccrine glands glands secrete and via what more of secretion

A

merocrine secretion of sweat

56
Q

what do Apocrine /odoriferous glands glands secrete and via what more of secretion

A

merocrine decreation of sweat

57
Q

what prompts the release of sweat in apocrine/odoriferous glands

A

emotional response(eg fight or flight)

58
Q

what prompts the release of sweat from eccrine glands

A

thermoregulation

emotional response

59
Q

what shape are sebaceous glands

A

simple branched acinar (sac like glands)

60
Q

what do sebaceous glands contain

A

sebum

61
Q

what is sebum

A

oily thick substance

and is viscous and may be secondarily infected by bacteria (eg acne/pimples)

62
Q

sebaceous glands open onto skin surface via ….

A

hair follicle

63
Q

what type of glands are sebaceous glands

A

holocrine glands

64
Q

activity of sebaceous glands may be controlled by ….

A

sex hormones

65
Q

sebaceous glands contribute to the …. of the epidermis

A

lubrication

66
Q

secretion of sebaceous glands are controlled by the …..

A

ANS (autonomic nervous system)

67
Q

why cant lipid based secretions be exocytosed (they have to undergo holocrine or apocrine secretion)

A

because lipid droplets dont have a cell membrane

68
Q

describe what is happening within this picture

A

(sebaceous gland process)
basal cells sit on basal lamina
basal cells undergo mitosis and one of the two daughter cells move out and become sebaceous gland cell, cells accumilate lipids and as they move towards the duct they undergo cell death, and the nucleus shape changes ( becomes picnotic nucleus)

69
Q

what is a picnotic nucleus

A

deformed nucleus present in cells undergoing cell death

70
Q

eccrine sweat glands shape

A

coiled tubular glands

71
Q

eccrine sweat glands open onto the skin surface via….

A

duct

72
Q

eccrine sweat glands are …..secreting glands

A

merocrine

73
Q

the secretory portion of the eccrine sweat gland is located …

A

deep in the dermis

74
Q

sweat is a mixture of …..a dn …… products

A

secretory and excretory

75
Q

what are the two different forms of eecrine glands sweating (related to the causes of sweating)

A

thermoregulation and emotional

76
Q

eccrine gland sweating is controlled by the …..

A

ANS (autonomic nervous system)

77
Q

what are the three types of cells found in eccrine sweat glands

A

dark cells
clear cells
myoepithelial cells

78
Q

what do dark cells in eccrine sweat glands contain?

A

proteinaceous secretion

79
Q

what do clear cells in eccrine sweat glands contain?

A

watery secretion

80
Q

what do myoepithelial cells in eccrine sweat glands do?

A

contract

81
Q

the duct portion of the gland is amde up of….

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

82
Q

thermoregulatory sweating is ……. and is brought about by …….

A

cholinergic

acetalcholene

83
Q

emotional sweating is classified as …… and is caused by …..

A

adrenergic

adrenaline

84
Q

shape of apocrine sweat glands

A

simplecoiled tubular

with wide secretory lumen

85
Q

apocrine sweat glands open onto the skin via…

A

hair follicle

86
Q

apocrine sweat glands secrete via ….. secretion

A

merocrine

87
Q

the secretory portion of an apocrine sweat gland lies deep in the …

A

dermis

88
Q

apocrine sweat gland secretion is often ….(texture) and may become ………. ……..

A 
viscous 
secondarily infected (eg body odour)
89
Q

apocrine sweat glands are often found in …… and ….. areas

A

axillary and anogenital

90
Q

exapmle of gland in axillary and anogenital region

A

ceruminous gland in ear (wax)

91
Q

mammary glands are also modified ….. glands

A

apocrine sweat glands

92
Q

apocrine gland secretion is controlled by the …

A

ANS autonomous nervous system

93
Q

apocrine sweat glands are activated in response to only ….. stimuli

A

emotional (eg, arousal, or fight or flight (fear))

94
Q

apocrine sweat gland activity may be controlled by…

A

sex hormones

95
Q

where is axillary regions

A

armpits

96
Q

what is this a picture of

A

apocrine glands

97
Q

what are the (6) functions of the integumantary system

A
  • protection of external environment
  • vit D synthesis
  • cutaneous sensation
  • blood reservoir
  • excrertion and absorption
  • body temp regulations
98
Q

functions of the integumentary system: protection from the external environment:

what features of the integumentary system play a part in this function..(11)

A
  • stratified nature of the epithelium
  • keratinisation - against miscrobes abreasion heat nad chemicals
  • cell junctions - resists microbe invasion: holds cells together
  • lipids from lamellar bodies coating suface cells - preventing water evaporation
  • sebum: prevents skin from drying , cracking , exposing underlying tissue, and getting infected
  • acidic pHof sweat- prevents some bad microbe growth
  • melanin - uv protection far basal stem cells
  • langerhans cells - protection against invading microbes
  • transient and resident WBCs in dermis
  • dermial papilae and epidermal pegs
  • hairs and glands are a source of new skin ( they contain stem cells(as long as you have hairs and glands present, you have stem cells to produce more cells)
99
Q

functions of the integumentary system: sensory perception

what features of the integumentary system play a part in this function..(4)

A
  • free nerve endings
  • merkel cells
  • meissener’s corpuscles
  • pacinian corpuscles
100
Q 
functions of the integumentary system: 
temperature regulation (homeostatis)

what features of the integumentary system play a part in this function..(3)

A

-eccrine sweat glands
-hair and ‘goose
-bumps’
altered blood supply

101
Q

functions of the integumentary system: blood resovior

how integumentary system play a part in this function..

A

in times of crisis blood can be diverted from the skin to areas requiring greater blood supply ( eg heart, skeletal muscle, brin etc) this may lead to increased body temperature

102
Q

functions of the integumentary system: excetion and absorption (minor role)

what can be absorbed through the skin (3)

A

toxins
lipid soluble vitamins
some drugs (eg nicotene)

103
Q

functions of the integumentary system: excetion and absorption (minor role)
what is excreted via the skin (3)

A
  • 400ml water lost per day (evaporation)
  • 200ml water lost per day (sweat)
  • small amounts of salt, urea, ammonia, CO2 excreted via sweat
104
Q

water absorbtion through the skin is…

A

negligable

105
Q

functions of the integumentary system: Vitmain D synthesis

expain how

A

Uv radiation activates precursors in the skin that are then enzymatically modified in the liver to form
CALCITROL the most active form of vitamin D
calcitrol is necessary for the uptake of calcium from alimentary tract

106
Q

what is CALCITROL

A

the most active form of vitamin D

107
Q

what is the name of the most active form of vit D

A

calcitrol

108
Q

what is calcitrol necesary for

A

uptake of calcium from allimentary tract

109
Q

what can insufficient calcium lead to (2)

A

rickets

interfere with muscle and nerve activity

Histology (11 decks)

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