Integumentary system online module part 1 W6

Question 1

what makes up the integumentary system (1) (5)

Answer 1

skin and all its accessories (hair, nails, glands, muscles and nerves)

Question 2

what is the organ in the integumentary system and what are its two components

Answer 2

skin
epidermis
dermis

Question 3

what is the epidermis

Answer 3

epithelium layer

Question 4

what is the dermis

Answer 4

connective tissue layer

Question 5

what is on top? the dermis or the epidermis ?

Answer 5

epidermis ontop

beneath is the dermis

Question 6

what type of tissue is the hypodermis and what type of layer is it

Answer 6

connective tissue

subcutaneous layer

Question 7

what are the main accessory structures of the skin (6)

Answer 7

hairs
sebascous glands 
sensory receptors
arrector pili muscles 
sweat glands
blood vessels

Question 8

what type of epithelium makes up the epidermis

Answer 8

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

Question 9

what is the only example of keratinised epithelium in the body

Answer 9

epidermis

Question 10

what are the two layers that make up the epidermis and what type of tissue are they

Answer 10

papillary layer (papillary dermis) (loose CT)

```
reticular layer (reticular dermis
dense irreg CT)
~~~

Question 11

what are the two tissues that make up the hypodermis

Answer 11

adipose and dense irreg CT

Question 12

best stain to see connective tissue

Answer 12

thrichrome stain

Question 13

thrichrome stain- what colour are RBC

Answer 13

orange

Question 14

thrichrome stain-what colour is epithelium

Answer 14

red

Question 15

thrichrome stain what colour are ECM fibres

Answer 15

blue/purple

Question 16

does the reticular dermis only contain CT

Answer 16

no, it contains other things such as glands blood vessels etc.

Question 17

is the sucataneous layer part of the skin

Answer 17

no

Question 18

whats another name for epidermis

Answer 18

epithelium

Question 19

the emidermis can be divided into 4-5 layers, what are they called (bottom to top)

Answer 19

stratum basale 
stratum spinosum 
stratum granulsom
(((stratum lucidum)))
stratum corneum

Question 20

which of the five layers of epidermis can only be seen in thick skin

Answer 20

stratum lucidum

Question 21

under a LM how do you know you are looking at thick skin (3)

Answer 21

the presence of stratum lucidum stratum

and a very large layer of statum corneum (the dead cell layer)

the waviness ( fingerprints)

Question 22

in the epidermis which three layers are the living layers

Answer 22

stratum basal
stratum spinosum
statum granulosum

Question 23

what is the statum corneum made up of

Answer 23

dead cells, so sell membranes filled with keratin- protein , hence the acidophilic stain

Question 24

what cells make up the epidermis

Answer 24

keratinocytes - epithelial cells of the skin

Question 25

how does the shape of cells change throughout the epidermis

Answer 25

bottom to top | cuboidal, irregular spiny, flattened with granules, squamous

Question 26

what happens to keratinocytes suring their life span

Answer 26

they undergo a process called keratinisation

Question 27

describe the process of kerainisation

Answer 27

keratinocytes fill with tonofilaments (intermediate fillaments) and keratohyalin granules and they secrete a glycolipid (lamellar bodies) that waterproofs the skin by coating the outside of each cells

Question 28

what do keratinocytes fill with suring keratinisation (2)

Answer 28

tono filaments | and keratohyalin granules

Question 29

what type of filaments are tonofilaments

Answer 29

intermediate filaments

Question 30

what is the name of the glypolipid secreted by keratinocytes that are undergoing keratinisation

Answer 30

lamellar bodies

Question 31

statum basale sits on the

Answer 31

basal membrane

Question 32

what is the shape of the cells found in the stratum basale

Answer 32

cuboidal or low columnar

Question 33

what types of cell junctions are found in the stratum basal (2)

Answer 33

hemidesmosomes | desmosomes

Question 34

cells in the stratum basale may contain .....granules

Answer 34

melanin

Question 35

what do melanin granules do

Answer 35

protect nuclei of cells from UV radiation

Question 36

melanin granules are produces by a cell called...

Answer 36

melanocytes

Question 37

what process undergone by cells in the statum basale is responsible for the constant production of keratinocytes

Answer 37

mitosis

Question 38

are non-keratinocytes found in the stratum basale

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

what non-keratinocytes are found in the stratum basale (2)

Answer 39

melainocytes | merkel cells

Question 40

what are merkel cells

Answer 40

special types of sensory receptor cells that allows us to detect touch

Question 41

when keratinocytes undergoe mitosis in the stratum basale what happens to the two daughter cells

Answer 41

one stay behind - stem cell | the other moves out into the stratum spinosum

Question 42

in the stratum spinosum, or the prickle cells layer, cells are in constant contact with eachother via ....

Answer 42

a system of intercellular bridges held together by desmosomes

Question 43

cells in the atratum spinosum layer may contain ...

Answer 43

tonofilaments | more lagerhans cells

Question 44

where is the best place for lagehans cells to be identified

Answer 44

in the stratum spinosum

Question 45

in which layer is surface keratin and waterproofing substances formed

Answer 45

stratum granulosum

Question 46

cells in the stratum granulosum layer contain..(3)

Answer 46

keratohyaline granules tonofillaments laminar bodies

Question 47

when are lamellar bodies produces

Answer 47

at cell death

Question 48

how is keratin formed during cell death

Answer 48

keratohyaline granuels and tonofilaments combine to form keratin

Question 49

what do lamellar bodies contain

Answer 49

waterproofing phospholipid

Question 50

what makes up stratum coreum

Answer 50

dead cells willed with keratin - no nuclei or organelles

Question 51

turnover from basal cell to keratin layer varies, ....-...... days in areas with lots of friction .......-..... days in areas of less friction

Answer 51

25-30 more friction 40-50 less friction

Question 52

what are the three types of non-keratinising epidermal cells

Answer 52

malnocytes merkel cells langerhans cells

Question 53

melanocytes general structure

Answer 53

cells with long ctoplasmic processes that extend between the cells

Question 54

what type of cells are merkel cells | and what are they associated with

Answer 54

sensory receptor cells | (associated with sensory nerve endings) detect touch

Question 55

what kind of cell are langerhans cells,

Answer 55

specialised dendridic cells

Question 56

why are melanocytes described as being dendritic ?

Answer 56

becuase they have dendritic-like processes

Question 57

what do melanocytes produce

Answer 57

melanin

Question 58

what is melanin produced from inside a melanocyte

Answer 58

tyrecine (an AA)

Question 59

how is melanin produced in a melanocyte

Answer 59

via enxyme called tyrecinase, which converts tyrecine into melanin

Question 60

what happensto the melanin granules that is produced/excreted from a melanocyte

Answer 60

it travels through various keratinocyes, to a keratinocyte | and protects nucleus of keratinocyte from UV radiation

Question 61

what are the three basic types of melanin

Answer 61

eumelanin pheomelanin neuromelanin

Question 62

what colour is eumelanin (2)

Answer 62

black and brown

Question 63

what colour is pheomelanin

Answer 63

red

Question 64

where is neuromelanin found

Answer 64

in neurons

Question 65

what types of melanin are associated with grey hair

Answer 65

black eumelanin with no other melanin

Question 66

what type of melanin are associated with blonde hair

Answer 66

brown eumalinin without any other melanin

Question 67

what type of melanin are associated with red hair

Answer 67

pheomelanin with small amounts of eumelanin

Question 68

common disease that develops from melanocytes ...

Answer 68

melanoma

Question 69

where are legerhans cells found

Answer 69

found in all layers but best identified in stratum spinosum

Question 70

what is the main functional characteristic of a lagerhans cell and what is it an important component of?

Answer 70

is an antigen presenting cell and is an important component of the innate imune system

Question 71

explain the steps of function of a lagerhans cell

Answer 71

phagocytoses invading microorganisms leaves the skin and goes to lymph node presents it to lymphocyte to initiate an immune response

Question 72

what are the two dendritic,non keratinised cells ?

Answer 72

lagerhans | melanocytes

Question 73

on an EM what are the visual fetures that distinguish a lagerhans cell

Answer 73

pale cytoplasm and irregularly shaped nuclei

Question 74

what kind of granules are found exclusively in lagerhans cells

Answer 74

burbeck granuels

Question 75

where are merkel cells found

Answer 75

in the statum basale

Question 76

what do merkel cells respond to

Answer 76

light touch

Question 77

where are melanocytes and merkel cells found

Answer 77

stratum basale

Question 78

what are the two types of skin (three names for the first type, and one for the second)

Answer 78

thick (hairless) glaborus friction skin thin (hairy skin)

Question 79

what is the primary determinant of thick glaborus skin in terms of shape and structure

Answer 79

is has deep folds on the basal surface of the epidermis (fingerprints)

Question 80

what is the point of the wavy stucture of glaborus skin

Answer 80

to increase SA and threfore better attatch the epidermis to the dermis

Question 81

what thin skins dont have hairs on them (exceptions) (3)

Answer 81

genital areas, nipples, lips

Question 82

where is thick globurus skin found

Answer 82

soles of feet and palms of hands

Question 83

areas of thin skin with no hair also coincidentally have high levels of...

Answer 83

pheomelanin

Question 84

is which layer is most of the structural difference between thick and thin skin found

Answer 84

in the sratum corneum, the other layers (the living layers) are very similar

Question 85

the dead layers (corneum and lucidum) are thicker?thinner? in thick skin

Answer 85

thicker

Question 86

dermal papillae are greatly developed in .... skin

Answer 86

thick

Question 87

what does the greatly developed papillae in the thick skin do

Answer 87

helps the strong attatchment of the dermis to the epidermis

Question 88

do both thick and thin skin have sweat glands ?

Answer 88

yes

Question 89

do both thick and thin skin have sebascous glands?

Answer 89

no, none in thick skin

Question 90

does thick or thin skin usually have more sensory receptors?

Answer 90

thick skin (think fingertips)

Question 91

what are dermal pipillae ?

Answer 91

upward projections of dermis into epidermis

Question 92

what are epidermal pegs

Answer 92

downwards projections of the epidermis into the dermis

Question 93

what is the interaction between dermal papillae and epidermal pegs

Answer 93

they interlock like interlocking fingers and increase strength of connection between dermis and epidermis

Question 94

what are the only glands found in thick skin

Answer 94

ecrine sweat glands

Question 95

what are the three types of glands found in thin skin

Answer 95

sebascous and apocrine sweat glands ecrine sweat glands