Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

Skin, hair, nails, and glands

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2
Q

Where is your skin the thickest?

A

palms of hands and soles of feet. This is where the most wear and tear occur.

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3
Q

Where is your skin the thinnest?

A

External genitalia, eyelids, and tympanum (inner ear)

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4
Q

What are the primary functions of skin?

A
  • First line of defense: protects us from injury and disease
  • Prevents water loss. (keratin is involved with waterproofing the skin)
  • Regulates temperature: think sweating
  • Stimuli reception: sensory receptors perceive pain, touch, pressure, etc.
  • Vitamin D production, with sunlight
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5
Q

What are the layers of skin?

A

Epidermis (derived from ectoderm)
Dermis (derived from mesoderm)
Hypodermis (subcutaneous fat layer, it’s not really a layer of skin, but a superficial fascia deep to the skin)

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6
Q

What is the cell type of the epidermis?

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the epidermis?

A
  • All but the deepest layers are made of dead cells that contain a fibrous protein called keratin.
  • No blood vessels are found in the epidermis
  • Consists of four types of cells: Langerhans, melanocytes, merkel cells, keratinocytes.
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8
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A
  • Langerhans cells are antigen presenting cells
  • Dendritic cells of the skin
  • Similar in morphology and function to macrophages

Longhorns present their horns as threats. Langerhans present antigens as threats to T helper cells. Longhorns also have dandruff so they are dendritic. Longhorns like to eat a lot, so they are macrophages

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9
Q

What are Melanocytes?

A
  • Melanocytes produce melanin pigment that gives a brown color to skin
  • Protects you from skin cancer. Melanin absorbs UV light
  • Resides mostly in the Stratum Germinativum (Stratum Basale)
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10
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from top to bottom?

A

The layers of the epidermis with the important info needed for the DAT

  • Stratum Corneum - Surrounds layers of flattened, keratin containing dead cells called horny cells or squames
  • Stratum Lucidum - Only present in thick skin
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)
  • Deepest epidermal layer.
  • Mitosis is most active - contains stem cells, keratinocytes do mitosis at night, and new cells are being pushed upward toward the surface.
  • NB: Melanocytes and Merkel cells are located here
  • Desmosomes bind this layer of skin together allowing it to function as a single unit.

Pneumonic: From superficial to deep: Corn lovers grow several bales

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11
Q

What are Merkel Cells

A

Function as mechanoreceptors (a sensory receptor that responds to pressure or distortion)

  • Angela Merkel responds to Trumps distortion and pressure
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12
Q

What are Keratinocytes?

A
  • 80% of the cell population of the epidermis
  • Produce keratin. This waterproofs the skin and protects it from damage. The skin has a lot of desmosomes (cell staples with keratin)
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13
Q

Where is keratin found in nature?

A
  • Turtle shells
  • Claws of reptiles
  • nails
  • horns
  • shells
  • feathers
  • beaks
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14
Q

Describe the Dermis

A

Contains:

  • Hair Follicles
  • Sweat Glands
  • Sebaceous (oil) glands
  • Rich supply of nerves and muscles

Derived from the mesoderm, unlike the epidermis which was derived from the ectoderm

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15
Q

What’s unique about the derivation of some dermis residents?

A

Sweat glands, sebacecous glands, and hair follicles are all derived in the epidermis and then migrate into the dermis and hypodermis during embryogenesis and then reside there permanently.

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16
Q

What are the receptors found in the deep dermis

A
  • Ruffini corpsucles
  • Pacinian corpsucles
  • Meissner’s corpsucles
  • Nociceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
17
Q

What are Ruffini corpsucles?

A

Ruffini corpsucles are mechanoreceptors that detect stretching and pressure

Pneumonic: Stretching is Ruff ini?

18
Q

What are Pacinian corpsucles?

A

Pacinian corpsucles are mechanoreceptors that perceive touch, pressure, and vibrations

Al Pacino creates corpses through touching his machine gun trigger while feeling the pressure and vibration of the machine gun.

19
Q

What are Meissner’s corpsucles?

A

Meissner corpsucles detect light touch and sensitivity.

Reinhold Messner froze off all his skin, so he can’t detect light touch and sensitivity anymore.

20
Q

What are Nociceptors?

A

Nociceptors are pain receptors

These are myelinated nerve endings that branch freely through the dermis

You yell NO! when you’re in pain

21
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

Heat detection. Hot vs Cold

22
Q

What are the structural elements of the dermis?

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Extracellular Matrix
23
Q

What is Collagen?

A
  • Most abundant fibrous protein which provides strength
  • Has a triple helix
  • Highly abundant in glycine
  • Contains hydroxy lysine and hydroxyproline (Vitamin C hydroxylates proline and lysine)
  • Every third position is occupied by glycine
  • Breaks down as we age causing wrinkles
24
Q

What is Elastin?

A
  • A fibrous protein that provides elasticity
25
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A
  • A jelly like substance that consists of polysaccharides and proteins.
26
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A
  • The hypodermis is not a layer of skin, but rather what’s directly under the skin.
  • It contains blood vessels
  • It’s also called the subcutaneous fat layer
27
Q

Tattooing

A

This is the insertion of pigment into the dermis. An inflammatory response occurs and macrophages will try to get rid of the pigment, but they will fail. Some may end up in the lymph nodes, carried by the macrophages, but the vast majority of the pigment will stay.

28
Q

Psoriasis

A

An increase in the dividing cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum and an accelerated cell cycle results in an increase in keratin-producing cells and a thickening of the epidermis.

Lesions are common.

29
Q

Warts

A

Benign epidermal growths caused by infection of the keratinocytes by a virus.

This is an example of hyperplasia (increase of cell number)

30
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number

-ex: Warts

Hyper: A Lot
Plasia: Formation (especially referring to cells)

31
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Metaplasia is the conversion of one cell type into another.

Ex: If you smoke you lose the cilia on your ciliated cells. The cells become non-ciliated cells. This can be reversible

Meta: Lots of definitions, but changing is one. Like in metamorphosis

Plasia: Formation (especially referring to cells)

32
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Dysplasia is size, shape, and alteration of the cell components. Think of it as pre-cancerous

Dys: bad
Plasia: Formation

33
Q

What is Anaplasia?

A

Anaplasia is the loss of cellular and organization differentiation.

  • Usually cancerous
  • These cells vary in size and shape, we call this pleomorphism

Ana: Moving backward
Plasia: Formation

34
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

The occurrence of more than one natural form.

ex: cancerous cells may have a ton of different sizes and shapes within a tumor.

pleo: More
Morph: Forms

35
Q

What is hyperchromatism

A

Very dark staining nuclei. Tons of mitotic figures… Weird abnormal cells.

36
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in the cell size of a tissue or organ.

Runners of marathons often have larger hearts

37
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell or organ size

Usually caused by inadequate nutrition of cells

Thymus shrinks after puberty
Ovaries and breasts shrink after menopause