Ch 1 - Bio Chemistry

Question 1

What elements do Carbohydrates and proteins have in common?

What element separates out proteins from carbs?

Answer 1

C H N O

C H N O S - Sulfur

Question 2

What are the polysacharrides of starch

Answer 2

amylose - 1-4 glycosidic linkages of Glucose

amylopectin - 1-4 glycosidic linkages and 1-6 glycosidic linkages (Like Glycogen but less branched)

Question 3

What is a nucleon?

Answer 3

Proton or Neutron

Question 4

Are soluble protein’s electrostatic interactions stronger internally or externally?

Answer 4

Internally - The water hydrogen bonds create an solvent shell that weaken the electrostatic interactions

Question 5

-ΔG means?

Answer 5

Spontaneous reaction (exergonic)

Question 6

+ΔG means?

Answer 6

Non-Spontaneous reaction (endergonic)

Question 7

ΔG = 0 means?

Answer 7

The reaction is at equilibrium

Question 8

Are almost all exothermic reactions spontaneous or non-spontaneous?

Answer 8

Spontaneous

Question 9

-ΔH and +ΔS means what?

Answer 9

The reaction will be spontaneous regardless of temperature

ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS

Question 10

Open System

Answer 10

mass and energy can exchange

Question 11

Closed System

Answer 11

allows energy to transfer, but not mass

Question 12

Isolated System

Answer 12

Neither energy nor mass can transfer

Question 13

Chemotroph

Answer 13

Derive free energy from the oxidation of fuel molecules

Question 14

Biotin

Answer 14

Biotin is a cofactor involved in carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions.

Transfers CO2

Used in Glycolysis

Question 15

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)

Answer 15

CoFactor involved in CH3 (methyl) group transfers

Question 16

Explain steric hinderance in Peptide bonds and why it’s significant

Answer 16

The bond has about a 40% double bond characteristic and takes on a trans formation. This makes it so the peptide bond is rigid.

Question 17

How man structural isomers would there be for

• Val
• Tyr
• Ala?

Answer 17

3! = 321 = 6

Question 18

How man optical isomers would there be for ValTyrAla?

Answer 18

N = 3 since each is chiral 2^3 = 8

Question 19

What are the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins?

Answer 19

primary: sequence of amino acids held by covalent bonds. This includes the peptide bond and disulfide bond.
secondary: This is the 3D conformation of localized regions caused by hydrogen bonds. (Beta sheets)
tertiary: This is the 3D structure of the entire protein held together by hydrogen bond, disulfide bonds, salt bridges (electrostatic interactions), and van der walls interactions.
quaternary: How different peptide chains interact with all the same interactions as tertiary

Question 20

What is the difference between digestion and denaturing

Answer 20

Digestion breaks the primary structure, denaturing only breaks the secondary -> quaternary

Question 21

How does heat work as a denaturing agent?

Answer 21

It breaks Hydrogen bonds. It causes the molecules to vibrate too violently.

Question 22

How does radiation work as a denaturing agent?

Answer 22

It breaks Hydrogen bonds. It causes the molecules to vibrate too violently.

Question 23

How do detergents work as a denaturing agent?

Answer 23

affects salt bridges and H bonds

Question 24

How do acids / bases work as a denaturing agent?

Answer 24

affects salt bridges and H bonds

Question 25

How do salts of Heavy Metals such as Ag+, Hg++, and Pb++ work as a denaturing agent?

Answer 25

Bond with SH groups to form precipates as well as acidic amino acids

Question 26

How does Urea work as a denaturing agent?

Answer 26

Disrupts hydrogen bond.

Question 27

How many hydrogen bonds do the nucleotides A-T or A-U have?

Answer 27

2

Question 28

How many hydrogen bonds do the nucleotides G-C have?

Answer 28

3

Question 29

What’s the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside

Answer 29

A nucleoside is a sugar and N-base. A nucleotide has a phosphate group attached as well on the 5’ OH

Question 30

What makes up the backbone of DNA?

Answer 30

The sugar-phosphate complex. The nitrogenous bases make up the middle of DNA.

Phosphodiester bonds between 5’ and 3’ OH on Glucose

Question 31

How are DNA monomers linked?

Answer 31

Phosphodiester bonds between the 5’OH of one nucelotide and the 3’ OH of another.