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DAT Bio > CH 2 - The Cell > Flashcards

CH 2 - The Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

Protoplasm is the living substance of the cell and contains cytoplasm and karyoplasm

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2
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is the contents of the cell excluding the nucleus

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3
Q

What is karyoplasm

A

Karyoplasm is the contents of the nucleus

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4
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Cytosol is the fluid suspension in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

It means it has a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic region

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6
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

All require ATP

Phagocytosis: Cell eating, such as the engulfing of microorganisms, cellular debris, old worn out cells (Macrophages and neutrophils)

Pinocytosis: Cell drinking, the cell takes in droplets of extracellular fluid which contain the solute molecules.

Cell-Mediated Endocytosis: The capture of macromolecules using receptor proteins in the cell membrane (coated pit). Clathrin is a huge player here

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7
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space. ATP is required (Exocytosis is triggered in many cells by a brief release of Ca++ ions into the cytosol.)

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8
Q

Glycocalyx

A

The carbohydrate chains covalently linked to the transmembrane proteins and phospholipids of the outer membrane.

It has many negatively charged sulfate and carboxyl groups that are involved with making up receptors that participate in functions like: cell recognition, hormone response, and adhesion

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9
Q

Four main functions of the cell membrane

A

Physical barrier: partitions the inside vs the outside
Cell Communication: think receptors!
Selective structure: regulates ion and molecule flow
Protection and support: maintains cell integrity

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

aerobic respiration center

Double membrane

Matrix: Krebs cycle and Fatty Acid Oxidative processes occur here.

Contains mitochondrial DNA (double stranded but circular)

Very gel-like and viscous

Inner Membrane: Electron Transport Chain

Heart has the most

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11
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane bound organelle that contains many different types hydrolytic enzymes that only function at low pHs (pH is usually around 5)

They digest: Microorganisms like fungi or bacteria, cellular debris such as old cells, old organelles such as mitochondria.

Very abundant in cells that undergo phagocytosis. Neutrophils and Macrophages are packed with lysosomes

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12
Q

phagosome

A

A fusion of the cell membrane around a microorganism or senescent cell (A cell that no longer divides).

The phagosome fuses with the lysosome and the enzymes begin digestion.

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13
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

A critical lysosomal enzyme is deficient and lipids can’t be digested. Cells become engorged and neuronal function suffers. Most die before the age of 4

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates and the modification of proteins. (post-translational modification and packaging)

Some proteins are glycosylated, while others have sugars removed instead.

Three main sections:
Cis face: molecules go in
Main Golgi: molecules get processed
Trans face: molecules go out

Three main destinations:
Inside the cell: many are vesicle bound for the lysosomes
Plasma membrane: Golgi repairs and maintains the plasma membrane
Outside the cell: Such as the release of insulin

Many of the cells polysaccharides are made here as well as most of the glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix

In plants the golgi creates hemicellulose and pectin which help make up the cell wall

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15
Q

How are lysosomes formed

A

They are formed from budding off of the golgi apparatus

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16
Q

Smooth ER

A

Involved with:
lipid biosynthesis such as phospholipids,
holding and releasing Ca++ ions in a controlled manner (called sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscles),
steroid biosynthesis,
detoxification of drugs and poisons

In the liver smooth ER contains a large amount of cytochrome 450. It helps catalyze the breakdown of toxic substances.

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17
Q

Cells that are active in the synthesis of steroids, cholesterol, and triglycerides would have a large abundance of what organelle?

A

smooth ER

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18
Q

What organelle is continuous with the nuclear envolope?

A

Rough ER

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19
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes on the rough ER are membrane bound and are involved in protein synthesis

Cells that make enzymes like the pancreas and the GI tract have abundant rough ER

The rough ER works with the ribosome and continues protein assembly. Most proteins are moved to the golgi for final modification. They are either moved to the golgi in vesicles or moved directly from the ER to the golgi

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20
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein factory
Found in both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Cells making enzymes will have a lot of ribosomes

They consist of two subunits made in the nucleolus of the cell. The subunits are made separately and then moved to the cytosol for final assembly. The large and small subunits join together by binding an RNA strand.

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21
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A 
Attached to ER
Attached to the nuclear envolope
free floating in the cystosol
In the mitochondrial matrix
In the stroma of a chloroplast
22
Q

peroxisome

A

AKA microbody
Membrane bound
contain over 40 oxidative enzymes

Catalase breaks down excess H2O2.
The peroxisome also creates H2O2. H2O2 detoxifies substances such as ethanol and even kills microorganisms.

Peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. It helps metabolize fatty acid chains of 18 carbons or longer. These fatty acids are made shorter and sent to the mitochondrial matrix for final beta oxidation.

Peroxisomes self replicate, but don’t have DNA like mitochondria, so they need their proteins transported in to start replication

23
Q

Nucleolus

A

In addition to rRNA synthesis, the assembly of large and small ribosomal subunits occurs here.

Non-membrane bound organelle

one or more found in the nucleus. Rarely more than three.

Small amounts of DNA are present, but it doesn’t stain with a Feulgen stain.

In cancer cells the nucleolus is usually hypertrophic. You will also see large nucleoli in cells actively synthesizing a lot of proteins.

24
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle of the cell.

In a eukaryotic cell most of the DNA is found here.

It has a double membrane.

Inside the nucleus DNA is organized into units called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made up of protein and DNA called the chromatin complex.

Most cells are made up of 46 chromosomes. The gametes have 23.

Three main parts.
Nucleolus: rRNA synthesis
Chromatin: genetic material
Nucleoplasm: the content of the nucleus, excluding nucleolus

Most cells have one nucleus, but some cells have multiple and some cells have none.

25
Q

Chromatin

A

made up of proteins and DNA

Heterochromatin: dark staining and much is found near the nuclear envelope. It is condensed and not actively transcribing.

Euchromatin: light area, less dense, less compact and has genes that are actively transcribing.

26
Q

In most cells is there more euchromatin or heterochromatin?

A

Euchromatin is more abundant. Most of the DNA is actively transcribing.

27
Q

What are some examples of multinucleated cells?

A

Osteoclasts (break down bone)
skeletal muscle cells
Liver cells often are
cancerous cells

28
Q

What is an example of a cell that has no nucleus

A

Red blood cell

platelets

29
Q

Proteosomes

A

Four stacked rings
These are small protein complexes about the size of a small ribosomal subunit.

They degrade denatured or unneeded proteins.

Lysosomes do the bulk of the job, but these focus on individual proteins. They remove abnormal or misfolded proteins using ATP to drive the needed conformational changes in their subunits.

30
Q

What is inclusion?

A

Various nutrients or pigments that can be found within the cell, but do not have activity like other organelles.

Includes:

Pigments: melanin pigment in skin and hair

lipid droplets in fat cells

glycogen granules in liver and skeletal muscle cells.

Vacuoles: membrane bound vesicle more prominent in plants. They can be used for storage.

Crystals: likely remnants of certain processes.

31
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

Inside are flattened sacs called thylakoids, a stack of sacks is called grana.

The fluid outside the thylakoids is called stroma. It contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.

They have a double membrane.

32
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

prokaryotic bacteria that produces O2 from CO2.

They contain chlorophyll and go through photosynthesis similar to plants

mainly found in water

Used to be called blue-green algae

unicellular

33
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Complex network of :
Microfilaments (actin)
microtubules
intermediate filaments

Determine the shape of the cell and play a role in the movement of organelles, vesicles, as well as the movement of the entire cell.

microtubules > intermediate filaments > microfilaments

34
Q

Microtubules

A

involved with molecular motors, attaching to organelles and vesicles as well as chromosomes to help pull them apart.

Cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules

Strongest of all the cytoskeletal polymers.

35
Q

What does colchicine do?

A

Mitotic poison. It disrupts the microtubules and halts mitosis. This halts the migration of white blood cells, which is responsible for inflamation.

It is used to treat gout.

36
Q

What does Taxol do?

A

A drug used to treat ovarian and breast cancer. It binds to microtubules and prevents them from dissociating. It’s a way to stop mitosis.

37
Q

What are the molecular motors of microtubules?

A

Dyneins and kinesins - Tow trucks of the cell. Pulling organelles and other parts of the cell along the microtubules.

Kinesins travel toward the plus end of the microtubule.
Dyneins travel toward the minus end of the microtubule

38
Q

Microfilaments

A

Made up of actin

Uses myosin as its tow truck. Myosin walks along the microfilaments.

These are the major players of skeletal muscle contractions

Amoebas use actin and myosin to control their movement through pseudopodia.

cytoplasmic streaming is thought to be mediated by actin and myosin

Plays a critical role in phagocytosis and cytokinesis

39
Q

What kind of pattern do flagella and cilia have. What structural monomer is it composed of.

A

Composed of microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement. The whole structure is called an axoneme.

40
Q

Intermediate Fibers

A

Keratin is the predominant intermediate fiber.

More permanent fibers than microtubules or microfilaments

Anchor the nucleus in place and make up the framework for the entire nuclear envelope.

Provide much of the structure of the cell

41
Q

Keratins

A

A predominant type of intermediate fiber.

A diverse family of over 20 types of proteins that provide protection against abrasion and prevent water loss in epidermal cells

42
Q

Centrioles

A

FOUND ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS, NOT PLANTS

Composed of 9 sets of microtubule triplets arranged in a cylinder with nothing in the middle. 9 + 0 (Different than the 9 sets + 2 of doublets in cilia and flagella with one in the middle(the +2) )

43
Q

Centrosome

A

Centrosome - Most common microtubule organizing center (MTOC) within the cell.

A pair of centrioles and associated proteins comprise the centrosome. The centrioles are perpendicular to each other.

Before cell division, the centrosome replicates first. They then move to the opposite sides of the cell. Microtubules extend from the centriole to form the spindles that connect to the kinetochores on the chromosomes and help with mitosis.

44
Q

Gap junction

A

Allows communication to occur between animal cells.

Connexins - Proteins around a pore control what can come in or out .

Very common in heart and muscle cells. (responsible for the heart’s coordinated beat)

Rapid exchange occurs between these junctions

45
Q

Connexins

A

Proteins around a pore that control what can come in or out.

46
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

intercellular channels that connect plant cells and some algal cells.

Similar in function to gap junctions in animal cells, but not the same structure. They traverse the cell wall

47
Q

Tight junctions

A

Forms a tight seal that prevents anything from getting past the cells. (removes extracellular space between cells)

This forces solutes to pass through cells instead

Common in the cells of the GI tract.

Found in skin to keep us water tight.

48
Q

Celiac disease

A

A disease where the tight junctions in the intestines don’t work properly and the intestines become leaky.

49
Q

Desmosome

A

Think cell staples.

Fasten cells together into strong sheets.

Contain intermediate filaments which are very strong (keratin)

Common in epithelia that need to avoid abrasion (skin)

50
Q

Pephigus vulgaris

A

auto-immune disease where the body attacks desmosomes. Resulting in blisters and possibly death.

Usually treatable with a steroidal agent.

DAT Bio (46 decks)

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