Integumentary System Flashcards
1
Q
It is composed of the skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors
A
Integumentary System
2
Q
It covers the external surface of the body
A
Skin
3
Q
It is the largest organ of the body in surface area and weight
A
Skin
4
Q
It is the branch of medicine that deals with the structure, function, and disorders of the integumentary system
A
Dermatology
5
Q
It is the superficial, thinner portion, which is composed of epithelial tissue
A
Epidermis
6
Q
It is the deeper, thicker connective tissue portion
A
Dermis
7
Q
- deep to the dermis but not part of the skin
- consists of areolar and adipose tissues
A
Subcutaneous layer/ hypodermis
8
Q
This layer consists of areolar and adipose tissues
A
Subcutaneous layer/ hypodermis
9
Q
This layer serves as a storage depot for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin
A
Hypodermis/ subcutaneous layer
10
Q
- The subcutaneous layer contains this type of nerve endings
- sensitive to pressure
A
Lamellated corpuscles
11
Q
It is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
A
Epidermis
12
Q
It is arranged in 4 or 5 layers and produce the protein keratin
A
Keratinocytes
13
Q
It is a tough, fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from abrasions, heat, microbes, and chemicals
A
Keratin
14
Q
It produces the pigment melanin
A
Melanocytes
15
Q
It is a yellow-red/ brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging UV light
A
Melanin
16
Q
- participate in immune responses mounted against microbes that invade the skin
- help other cells of the immune system recognize an antigen so that it can be destroyed
A
Intraepidermal macrophages
17
Q
It has four strata/layers— stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and a thin stratum corneum
A
Thin skin
18
Q
- exposure to friction is greatest
- fingertips, palms, and soles
- has 5 layers— stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and a thick stratum corneum
A
Thick skin
19
Q
It is the deepest layer of the epidermis
A
Stratum basale
20
Q
It is composed of a single row of cuboidal/ columnar keratinocytes
A
Stratum basale
21
Q
Some cells in the stratum basale are _________ that undergo cell division to continually produce new keratinocytes
A
Stem cells
22
Q
stratum basale
- composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
- the deepest layer
- some cells in this layers are stem cells that undergo cell division to continually produce new keratinocytes
A
23
Q
This is where 8 to 10 layers of many-sided keratinocytes fit closely together. This layer provides strength and flexibility to the skin
A
Stratum spinosum
24
Q
It is the transfer of a patch of healthy skin taken from a donor site to cover a wound
A
Skin graft
25
- if skin damage is so extensive that an autograph would cause harm, a self-donation procedure called ______________ may be used
- most often for severly burned patients
Autologous skin transplantation
26
- it consists of 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing **apoptosis**
- presence of keratin
Stratum granulosum
27
Genetically programmed cell death in which the nucleus fragments before the cells die
Apoptosis
28
It releases a lipid-rich secretion that acts as a water-repellant sealant, retarding loss of body fluids and entry of foreign materials
Lamellar granules
29
- present only in the thick skin of areas such as fingertips, palms, and soles
- consists of 3-5 layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amount of keratin
Stratum lucidum
30
- consists of 25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes
- cells are continuously shed and replaced by cells from the deeper strata
Stratum corneum
31
Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of?
Callus - an abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum
32
Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of?
Callus
33
It is an abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum
Callus
34
What do you call when blood vessels dilate
Vasodilation
35
What are the two primary mechanisms the body uses for thermoregulation
Sweating and blood flow
36
Which glands are primarily responsible for sweat production during thermoregulation
Eccrine glands
37
What role do blood vessels endodermis play in thermoregulation
Increases the amount of heat loss
38
What is the effect of increased sweat evaporation on body temperature
Lowers temperature
39
_______ in the skin protects underlying tissues from microbes, abrasion, heat, and chemicals
Keratin
40
Lipids released by _________ inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface
Lamellar granules
41
As the cells move from one epidermal layer to the next, they accumulate more and more keratin. This process is called?
Keratinization
42
It is the second, deeper part of the skin composed mainly of connective tissue containing _collagen and elastic fibers_
Dermis
43
It is a pigment produced by *melanocytes* in the skin and plays a crucial role in _protecting the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light_
Melanin
44
It is a sensory perception that originates from the skin, Which is the body's largest sensory organ
Cutaneous sensation
45
What are the four cutaneous sensations
Touch, pressure, temperature, pain
46
What are the two layers of the skin
Epidermis (top), dermis (beneath the epidermis)
47
It requires the activation of a precursor molecule in the skin by uv rays in sunlight
Synthesis of vitamin D
48
It is a type of intraepidermal macrophages that participate in immune responses
Langerhans cells
49
It detects touch sensations
Tactile epithelial cells
50
It is the thickest sublayer within the epidermis
Stratum spinosum
51
It consists of several layers of keratinocytes that provide structural _strength and flexibility_ to the skin
Stratum spinosum
52
This layer contains keratohyaline granules
Stratum granulosum
53
This layer consists of flattened, clear, and dead keratinocytes
Stratum lucidum
54
The layer wherein dead keratinocytes are continuously being shed
Stratum corneum
55
Melanocytes can be found in which layer
Stratum basale
56
Releases a lipid-rich secretion that acts as a water-repellent sealant, retarding loss of body fluids and entry of foreign materials
Lamellar granules
57
What is the key difference between thin skin and thick skin
The thin skin lacks the stratum lucidum
58
Where is the thick skin located
Palms and soles
59
Where is the thin skin located
The rest of the body except palms and soles
60
How many layers of epidermis does the thick skin and thin skin have
Thick skin: 5
Thin skin: 4
61
Which type of skin have hair follicle
Thin skin
62
This type of skin contains arrector pili muscle
Thin skin
63
This type of skin contains sebaceous glands
Thin skin
64
This type of skin contains sweat glands
Both the thick and thin skin contain sweat glands
65
**Thick skin**
- palms and soles
- 5 layers including stratum lucidum
- have sweat glands
**Thin skin**
- rest of the body except palms and soles
- 4 layers
- has hair follicle
- has arrector pili muscle
- has sebaceous glands
- has sweat glands
66
What are the 2 layers in the dermis?
Papillary layer and reticular layer
67
Its surface area is increased by small finger-like projections and has nipple- shaped structures project into the under surface of the epidermis
Dermal papillae
68
It is consist of dense irregular connective tissue containing bundles of collagen and some coarse elastic fiber
Reticular layer
69
Is a form of internal scarring
Striae
70
It is the internal damage to dermis when skin stretched too much
Stretch marks/ striae
71
It results when the bonding between collagen fibers disrupted, small thermal blood vessels rupture
Stretch marks or striae
72
Describe a striae
Appear reddish linear streaks or silvery white streaks
73
It is the _downward projections_ of the epidermis into the dermis
Epidermal ridges
74
What's the thickest and thinnest dermis?
Thickest: likod
Thinnest: eyelid
75
It increases the surface contact between epidermis and dermis
Dermal Papillae
76
It strengthens skin against shearing forces that attempt to separate these two
Dermal Papillae
77
It is the inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin
Albinism
78
It is the partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin produces irregular white spots
Vitiligo
79
Dark-skinned individuals have ____ melanin in the ______
Large; epidermis
80
It is the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
81
It is a _yellow-orange_ pigment 6hat gives egg yolk and carrots their color.
Carotene
82
This precursor of _vitamin A,_ which is used to synthesize pigments needed for _vision,_ accumulates in the stratum corneum and fatty areas of the dermis and subcutaneous layer
Carotene
83
What are the accessory structures of the skin
Hair, glands, nails
84
It is made up of flattened structures of burning or cornified texture
Nail
85
It is found on dorsal surfaces of the thermal phalanges,fingers and toes
Nail
86
What are the three main parts of a nail
Nail body, free edge, nail root
87
Thin, non-cornified epithelium in which the nail plate lies
Nail bed
88
It is proximal and thicker part of the nail bed
Matrix
89
It is responsible for nail growth
Matrix
90
Most of the nail body is pink because of the underlying _____?
Blood capillaries
91
These are present on most skin surfaces except the;
1. palms and soles
2. Dorsal surfaces of the terminal phalanges
3. Glans penis
4. Inner surfaces of the prepuce
5. Inner surfaces of the labia
Hair
92
Hair are present in all parts of the body except?
1. palms and soles
2. Dorsal surfaces of the terminal phalanges
3. Glans penis
4. Inner surfaces of the prepuce
5. Inner surfaces of the labia
93
It develops from the gland like growth of the epidermis into the dermis which gives rise to the hair follicles
Hair
94
The main body of the hair and it projects above the surface of the skin
Hair Shaft
95
It is the portion below the surface that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer
Hair root
96
The _______ is composed of two layers of epidermal cells, external and internal, root sheaths surrounded by a connective tissue sheaths
Hair follicle
97
Base of each follicle is in large into an _onion shaped structure_
Hair bulb
98
It is the bundles of _smooth muscles_ typically associated with hair follicles
Arrector pili muscles
99
It exerts pressure upon sebaceous glands, causes the discharge of their secretion into the hair follicle
Arrector pili muscles
100
________ of the arrector pili muscles give rise to bumps in the skin or "goose flesh"
Contraction
101
How does hair grow in relation to the skin's surface
Hair grows oblique— at an angle from the skin's surface
102
This glands secrete an oily substance called sebum
Sebaceous glands
103
It keeps the hair from drying out, prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps the skin soft, and inhibits the growth of certain bacteria
Sebaceous glands
104
What are the two types of sweat glands
It eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands
105
This gland can be found throughout the skin of most regions of the body, especially the skin of the forehead, palms, and soles
Eccrine sweat glands
106
This gland can be found in the skin of axillae, groin, areolae (skin surrounding the nipple), bearded regions of face, clitoris, and labia minora
Apocrine sweat glands
107
This gland can be found in the external auditory canal or ear canal
Ceruminous glands
108
Sebaceous glands excrete what type of substance?
Sebum
109
The eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands secrete what substance?
Perspiration
110
Ceruminous glands excrete what type of substance
Cerumen
111
The functions of this gland are; regulation of the body temperature, waste removal, stimulated during emotional stress
Eccrine sweat glands
112
This gland is stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement
Apocrine sweat glands
113
This gland is relatively inactive during childhood and activated during puberty
Sebaceous gland
114
This gland is activated soon after birth
Eccrine sweat glands and Ceruminous gland
115
This gland is activated at puberty
Apocrine sweat glands
116
In skin aging, this fiber decreases in numbers, stiffen. Break apart, and disorganize into a shapeless, matted tangle
Collagen fibers
117
When the skin aged, this fiber lose some of their elasticity, thicken into clumps, and fray, an effect that is great accelerated in the skin of smokers
Elastic fibers
118
It produces collagens and elastic fibers
Fibroblasts
119
The skin forms the characteristic crevices and furrows known as _____ when fibroblasts decrease in number
Wrinkles
120
Wrinkles are formed as a result of decrease in number of ________
Fibroblasts
121
Nevus are common, benign growths on the skin, commonly known as?
Moles
122
Protecting the skin from __________ is important in reducing the risk of moles becoming cancerous
Sun exposure
