Integumentary System

Question 1

what are the three appendages

Answer 1

hair, nails, glands

Question 2

what are the functions of appendages

Answer 2

protection 
temperature regulation 
sensory organs
metabolic functions
blood reservoir 
excretion

Question 3

the thin outer layer of skin is called

Answer 3

epidermis

Question 4

the deep thick layer of skin consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels is called

Answer 4

Dermis

Question 5

the layers of epidermis

Answer 5

stratum basale (deepest)
stratum granulosum (middle)
stratum corneum (closest to the top)

Question 6

the layers of dermis

Answer 6

1.dense irregular connective tissue
gives the skin toughness + ability to stretch
2.blood vessels
regulates blood flow and brings nutrients to cells
3.sensory receptors
detects heat, cold, pressure, pain
4.hair follicles, sweat/oil glands
temp regulation, blood reservoir, sensation

Question 7

functions of hair

Answer 7

air filtration, sensation of touch

Question 8

functions of nails

Answer 8

protection, manipulation

Question 9

functions of sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Answer 9

excretion
temp regulation
protection

Question 10

functions of sebaceous (oil) glands

Answer 10

protection

barrier

Question 11

what are sebaceous glands

Answer 11

located at hair follicles,
secretes sebum,
keeps skin moist to prevent drying and cracking,
stops water from leaving skin, 
contains anti bacterial substances

Question 12

what are sudoriferous glands

Answer 12

secretes sweat,
eliminates nitrogen-containing substances,
cools the body by sweat evaporation,
contains anti bacterial substances

Question 13

what is the epidermis layer

Answer 13

thin outer layer of skin, made of stratified squamous epithelium,

Question 14

what is the dermis layer

Answer 14

the layer under epidermis, thicker, made of connective tissues, contains blood vessels

Question 15

what is the subcutaneous layer

Answer 15

the layer under the dermis, made of areolar connective and adipose tissues,

Question 16

what are the functions of the subcutaneous tissue

Answer 16

stores fat to insulate from heat loss and absorbs physical bumps, and anchors the skin to structures underneath

Question 17

what is the stratum basale

Answer 17

stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis to replace dead epidermal cells + repair injuries,
stem cells produce keratinocytes to provide protection and produce vitamin D,
they will also produce melanocytes which produces dark pigment to protect from UV

Question 18

what are the functions of the stratum basale

Answer 18

protection,

metabolism

Question 19

melanocytes are responsible for what

Answer 19

macules and freckles,
vitiligo,
albinism

Question 20

what is the stratum granulosum

Answer 20

the keratinocytes begin their differentiation,
cytoplasm begins to fill with the protein keratin, organelles begin to break down,
lamellar granules form in the cells,
tight junctions attach the cells together

Question 21

what is the stratum corneum

Answer 21

keratinocytes have fully differentiated,
forms a waterproof layer,
forms a protective barrier against physical injury + foreign cells

Question 22

how does hair work

Answer 22

grows from a small group of cells called hair papilla located in the dermis, grows out of a tube of cells crossing the dermis and epidermis called a hair follicle, they consist of dead keratinized cells, made of hard keratin cells

Question 23

what’s a nail plate

Answer 23

made of epidermal cells produced by the nail matrix, become plate like and hard because they fill with hard keratin

Question 24

what’s the nail root

Answer 24

covered by the cuticle