Cardiovascular + Respiratory Systems Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two main organs of the cardiovascular system
A
Heart and blood vessels
2
Q
What are the three functions of the cardiovascular system
A
Regulation, protection and transportation
3
Q
What is being transported in the cardiovascular system
A
O2, CO2, minerals, waste, hormones, glucose
4
Q
What regulations are being held in the cardiovascular system
A
Temperature, PH, fluid volume, blood pressure
5
Q
What is being protected in the cardiovascular system
A
Blood loss and infection
6
Q
What is the specific role of the heart
A
Pumps blood around the body
7
Q
What is the specific role of the blood vessels
A
Tubes carrying the blood
8
Q
What tubes carry blood
A
Arteries and arterioles, veins and venules, capillaries
9
Q
What tubes carry blood away from the heart
A
Arteries and arterioles
10
Q
What tubes carry blood towards the heart
A
Veins and venules
11
Q
Where does most diffusion of nutrients take place
A
Capillaries
12
Q
What is the role of blood
A
Transport, regulation, protection
13
Q
What is pulmonary circulation
A
Blood travelling to and from the lungs
14
Q
What is the direction of blood flow in the pulmonary circulation
A
Heart to arteries to lungs to veins to heart
15
Q
What is systemic circulation
A
Blood travelling to everywhere in the body besides the lungs
16
Q
Direction of blood flow in the systemic circulation
A
Heart to aorta to superior and inferior body parts to vena cava to heart
17
Q
What body cavity is the heart in
A
Thoracic mediastinum
18
Q
What are the blood vessels in the pulmonary circuit
A
Veins and arteries
19
Q
What are the blood vessels in the systemic circuit
A
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, aorta
20
Q
What are the blood vessels In the cardiac circulation
A
Arteries and veins
21
Q
What is myocardial infarction
A
A blockage in the coronary artery
22
Q
What is happening during a myocardial infraction
A
The cells are not getting enough oxygen and nutrients they begin to die which means the heart can no longer efficiently pump blood
23
Q
What is the pericardium
A
It’s what surrounds the heart, it’s made of two serous membranes (visceral and parietal)
24
Q
What do the pericardium serous membranes do
A
They reduce friction
25
What are the four chambers in the heart
Right and left atrium and right and left ventricle
26
What is the atrium for
Receiving
27
What is the ventricle for
Discharging
28
Where is the atrium pump blood
To the ventricles
29
Where do the ventricles pump blood
To the lungs and the body
30
Where is the atrioventricular valves found
Separates the Atrium from the ventricle
31
What atrioventricular valve separates left atrium from the left ventricle
Bicuspid
32
What atrioventricular valve separates right atrium from right ventricle
Tricuspid
33
How are the atrioventricular valves attached to the heart
Uses chordae tendinae
34
Where are the semi lunar valves found
Separating the ventricle from the aorta and the ventricle from the artery
35
Which semi lunar valve separates left ventricle from aorta
Aortic
36
Which semilunar valve separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary
37
What are the heart walls made up of
Muscle tissue
38
The atria’s are separated by what septum
Interatrial septum
39
The ventricles are separated by what septum
The interventricular septum
40
What is the contraction of the heart called
Systole
41
What is the relaxation of a heart called
Diastole
42
What are the four steps of a heartbeat
1. Ventricular filling
2. Isovolumetric contraction
3. Ventricular ejection
4. Isovolumetric relaxation
43
What happens during ventricular filling (step 1)
Starts with all the chambers relaxed, The atriums receive blood Then the blood is pumped into the ventricles
44
What happens during isovolumetric contraction (step 2)
Ventricles are beginning to contract, All valves are closed
45
What is happening during ventricular ejection (step 3)
Contraction of the ventricles pumps blood into the lungs and the body, at the same time the atriums relax
46
What is stroke volume
The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each beat
47
What is cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute
48
What is happening during isovolumetric relaxation (step 4)
The ventricles begin to relax and the heart is ready to start the next cycle
49
What is the role of heart valves
They prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction
50
What are heart murmurs
Abnormal sounds heard in the heart
51
What does the swishing sound mean after the beat
Means the blood flows backwards
52
What does the swishing sound before the beat mean
The valves don’t open completely
53
What is the order in which blood flows through blood vessels
Arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins
54
What do arteries do
Transport large volumes of blood under high pressure
55
What do arterioles do
Control circulation of blood to tissues
56
What do capillaries do
Transport small volumes of blood close to cells
57
What do venules do
Receive nutrients
58
What do veins do
Transport large volumes of blood under low pressure
59
What are similarities between arteries and veins
They both have three layers, Those three layers are all made the same
60
What are differences between arteries and veins
The arteries tunica media is thicker and veins have a one-way valve
61
What are the three layers of arteries and veins in order
Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima
62
What is arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries, reduces blood flow
63
How is arteriosclerosis caused
Buildup of fatty deposits causing the walls to become calcified
64
What Is total peripheral resistance
How much the blood vessels resist the flow of blood
65
What is being nourished by Capillery beds
Tissues and organs
66
What is the function of capillaries
Nutrient exchange
67
What is the blood flow in capillary beds controlled by
Arterioles and precapillary sphincters
68
Dilation of arterioles will do what to the Capillery bits
They will allow and block blood from entering
69
When precapillary sphincters contracts they do what
Blocking blood flow into the capillary beds
70
When your body wants to lose heat what is happening
The precapillary sphincters open to allow blood into the dermis
71
What are the precapillary sphincters doing when your body wants to conserve heat
The precapillary sphincter is close to prevent blood from entering the dermis
72
What are the three receptors in the blood vessels
Chemoreceptors (chemicals), barroreceptors (pressure), Thermoreceptors (temp)
73
What are the two major factors that influence blood pressure
Toto peripheral resistance and cardiac output
74
When cardiac output is increased blood pressure is
Increased
75
When total peripheral resistance is decrease the blood pressure is
Decreased
76
what is an intrinsic conduction system
it's the system that uses SA and AV nodes, AV bundle and purkinje fibers. this system is the pacemaker of the heart and can also be modified by the brain, this system sends signals
77
what is an extrinsic conduction system
this is the system that uses the medulla oblongata, the vagus nerves and the sympathetic nerves. this system modifies
78
what is an SA node
the pacemaker, sends the signals
79
what is the AV node
sends the signals to the atrium and ventricles
80
what are purkinje fibers
the generation of heart impulses
81
What is the medulla oblongta
This is the control center in the brain which is able to adjust heart rate
82
What is the vagus nerve
The nerve that decreases heart rate
83
What is the sympathetic nerve
This nerve increases heart rate
84
What are the steps of electrical conduction in the heart
1. SA node generates the electrical signal
2. the signal spreads through the muscle of both atria causing them to contract
3. the signals reach the AV node and then sending them through the AV bundle an the purkinje fibers this is required for the ventricles to depolarize
4. The signals are carried through the muscle of the ventricles causing the ventricles to contract
85
what is depolarization
It's the signals being sent right before a contraction
86
What is a repolarization
It's the signals being sent right before a relaxation
87
What is the P wave
It's the depolarization of the atrium
88
What's the QRS complex
It's the depolarization of the ventricles
89
what is the T wave
It's the repolarization of the ventricles
90
Why can't you see the repolarization of the atrium on an ECG
Because it's hidden and happening at the same time as the QRS complex
91
Why does the depolarization / repolarization happen slightly before the contraction / relaxation
Because the depolarization repolarization is when waves are being sent, those waves need time to spread out and allow the atriums/ ventricles to respond, which causes the delay
92
What is cardiac dysrhythmias
it's the abnormal heart rhythms that can be caused by different conditions
93
what is bradycardia
it's a slow heart rhythm (less than 60bpm)
94
what causes bradycardia
malfunctioning of the nervous system controls or damaged SA node
95
what is tachycardia
fast heart rhythm (more than 100bpm)
96
what causes tachycardia
```
malfunctioning nervous system control,
blood loss,
shock,
fever,
drugs
```
97
what is fibrillation
when the heart doesn't pump blood effectively, cardiac muscles twitch and spasm rather than contracting
98
what are the two types of fibrillation
a trio fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation
99
how do you treat fibrillation
it's treated by defibrillation
100
what is the blood composed of
a liquid called plasma and many cells and pieces of cells called formed elements which are in the plasma
101
how much percent of blood is considered plasma
55%
102
how much percent of blood is considered formed elements
45%
103
what are the 3 components of plasma
water, protein and other solutes
104
what does the water in plasma do
it's the perfect solvent capable of dissolving many different molecules
105
what does the 3 different types of protein in plasma do
Albumin: keeps water in the blood,
Globulins: includes antibodies to protect from infection,
fibrogen + prothrombin: for blood clotting
106
what do the other solutes in plasma do
there are a few like sugars, hormones, blood O2, blood CO2, electrolytes, etc. the electrolytes help maintain plasma osmotic pressure + normal blood pH
107
what are the 3 kinds of formed elements
RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes) and platelets ( thrombocytes)
108
what is the function of RBC
they bring O2 to the cells to make ATP, and they bring CO2 away from the cells as waste. they both bind to hemoglobin
109
what is the function of WBC
there are 5 different types and each one either helps, prevents, or destroys pathogens in the body
110
what is the function of platelets
they are used for blood clotting to maintain homeostasis by limiting blood loss when injuries to blood vessels occur
111
what is hematopoiesis
the formation of new blood cells
112
in which tissue does the hematopoiesis of RBC and granular WBC happen
myeloid tissue (found in flat bones)
113
in which tissue does the hematopoiesis of non granular WBC happen
lymphatic tissue (found in thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes)
114
what is the important equation
CO2 + H2O ⇄ H2CO3 ⇄ HCO3⁻ + H⁺
115
when O2 binds to hemoglobin it creates what
oxyhemoglobin
116
when CO2 binds to hemoglobin it creates what
carbaminohemoglobin
117
what are the 2 major conditions involving RBC's and explain
polycythemia: too many RBC produced
anemia: a decrease in the bloods ability to carry O2
118
what are the 3 steps of hemostasis
1. vascular spasm
2. formation of platelet plug
3. coagulation
119
what is the process of vascular spasm
1. a blood vessel is damaged
2. blood begins to leak
3. smooth muscle of the artery contracts, causing vasodialation
4. less blood flows to the injury
120
what is the process of formation of platelet plug
1. the first platelets arrive to stick to exposed collagen from damaged tissue
2. platelets secrete ADP, thromboxane A2, and serotonin
3. more platelets stick to the damaged tissue and vascular spasm increases
4. enough platelets are stuck to physically block the blood from leaking out
121
what is the process of coagulation
1. prothrombin activator is released by trapped platelets and created by clotting factors combining with each other
2. prothrombin activator combines with calcium
3. prothrombin is converted to thrombin by prothrombin activator
4. thrombin cleaves fibrinogen itno fibrin
5. fibrin forms a net, trapping RBC + WBC, further sealing injury
122
what are the 3 clotting dissorders
thrombosis, embolism, hemophilia
123
what is thrombosis
when a clot forms in an uninjured blood vessel
124
what is embolism
when a clot forms in an uninjured blood vessel but travels
125
what is hemophilia
a genetic disorder where you can't form clots properly
126
what is pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
it's with inspiration and expiration, inspiration brings air from the atmosphere into the lungs and expiration moves air from lungs to the atmosphere
127
what is external respiration
gas exchange between lungs and blood, O2 to blood, CO2 to air
128
what are the two main tracts of the resp system
upper and lower resp tract
129
the upper resp tract consists of
Nose, Nasal cavity, Pharynx
130
the lower resp tract consists of
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
131
what is the main function of the resp system
gas exchange between air and lungs
132
what are other functions of the resp system
regulation of ph, smell, speech
133
what is resp mucosa
a mucous membrane, ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium that secretes a mucous blanket that covers all the airways to purify the air
134
what is the main functions of the nose and nasal cavitys
filtration, warming, humidification
135
the pharynx is divided into 3 parts what are they
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
136
what is the function of the pharynx
passage of air to larynx and lungs, food to esophogus and stomach
137
what is the function of the larynx
produce sound and speech
138
what is the trachea
its the tube going from the larynx to the bronchi in the thoracic cavity, its the widest airway
139
what are the layers of the trachea
1. layer of fibrous connective tissue
2. rings of cartilage keeping it open
3. layer of smooth muscle
4. resp mucosa
140
what is a visceral pleura
pleural layer that covers the outside of the lungs
141
what is the parietal pleura
pleural layer lines the thoracic cavity around the lungs
142
what are the alveoli
the end of the bronchi where gas exchange happens
143
what is the resp membrane
its where the gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
144
each alveolus is covered in what and what does that do
it's covered in a surfactants which reduces surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing
145
if the volume is ___ the pressure will be ___
small volume= low pressure
| high volume= high pressure
146
what is respiration
the exchange in gasses
147
what is ventilation
the movement of air in and out of lungs
148
what are the two muscles required for ventilation
the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
149
what is the process of inspiration
1. diaphragm and intercostal muscles contracts
2. volume of thoracic cavity increases, decreasing the gas pressure
3. air goes in lungs until pressure is equalized
150
what is the process of expiration
1. diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
2. elastic tissues of lungs and pleura recoli, volume of thoracic cavity decreases, increasing the gas pressure
3. air goes out lungs until pressure is equalized
151
there is 2 types of respiration what are they
gasses moving between air and blood or gasses moving between blood and cells
152
there are 2 ways that O2 gets transported what are they
dissolving into the plasma and combining with hemoglobin (most of O2)
153
CO2 has 3 ways of getting transported what are they
dissolving into the plasma, combining to hemoglobin, as bicarbonate ions
154
what is coronary circulation
the functional blood supply of the heart
155
where are barroreceptors located
carotid sinuses and aortic arch
156
where are chemoreceptors located
in the brain
157
where are thermoreceptors located
in the skin
158
why are arteries better for controlling BP
because they have a thicker tunica media which means more elastic connective tissue, arteries can vasodilate/vasoconstrict means the smooth muscle is dilating, constricting
159
what are the 2 organs that keep BP at homeostasis
the heart and arteries/ arterioles, the heart decreases sympathetic impulses causing decrease in HR, decreased contractility and decreased cardiac output, and the arteries/ arterioles vasodilate/constrict changing the BP to where it needs to be
160
what is atherosclerosis
an artery disorder which is the hardening of arteries due to build up of fatty deposits causing walls to be calcified
161
what is myocardial infarction
a blockage of the artery making cells deprived of O2 and nutrients
162
what is the pressure gradients for inspired air
PO2 160
| PCO2 0.3
163
what is the pressure gradients inside alveoli
PO2 104
| PCO2 40
164
what is the pressure gradients in systemic veins
PO2 40
| PCO2 45
165
what is the pressure gradients in systemic arteries
PO2 100
| PCO2 40
166
what is the pressure gradients inside tissue
PO2 40
| PCO2 45
167
what can influence the rhythm of ventilation
1. stretch receptors in lungs
2. peripheral chemoreceptors (around the body) and central receptors(in the brain)
3. pontine resp. group (PRG) (under the brain)
4. cerebral motor cortex (in the brain)
168
what do stretch receptors do
detect when the lung tissue is stretched by being filled with air
169
what do peripheral chemoreceptors and central receptors do
detect PO2, PCO2 and arterial pH
170
what do pontine resp. group (PRG) do
smooths transitions between inspiration and expiration
171
what does the cerebral motor cortex do
(voluntary) control the increase and decrease ventilation rate (holding breath/ breathing faster
172
what is eupnea
normal breathing
173
what is dyspnea
shortness of breath
174
what is hyperventilation
deep breaths taken at a fast rate
175
what is hypoventilation
shallow breaths taken at a slow rate
176
what is apnea
when breathing stops for a brief minute
177
what is respiratory distress
when the body can't inflate the alveoli normally
178
what is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
respiratory distress often caused my lack of surfactant, causing the alveoli to collapse upon expiration
179
what is infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
RDS in a baby born prematurely (before 37 weeks) this is the inability to make surfactant
180
what is adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
RDS in an adult, when something is removing the surfactant like an inhaled substance
181
what is atelectasis
when the lung can't re-inflate, caused by substances getting stuck between the visceral + parietal pleural membranes, this puts increased pressure on the lungs, causing them to not inflate properly + collapse
182
what is pneumothorax
air getting stuck in the pleural space caused by a puncture wound
183
how are lower resp tract infections caused
by an infection with the microorganisms, resulting in inflammation + excess mucus production
184
what is bronchitis
an inflammation of the bronchi due to infection
185
what is pneumonia
a rapid, severe inflammation of the lungs, caused by streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, the alveoli become plugged w/ exudate
186
what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (COPD)
this is an obstructive pulmonary disorder that doesn't go away it's stuck for life
187
what is obstructive pulmonary disorder
shortness of breath due to difficulty exhaling all air from lungs
188
what is asthma
caused by irritants + allergens found in air,
causes muscle spasms in the bronchi + bronchioles,
the spasms irritate the mucous membrane -> inflammation,
results in edema + mucous production, obstructing airways
189
what is chronic bronchitis
bronchitis that doesn't go away
190
what is emphysema
caused when air is repeatedly trapped in the alveoli by mucous, this leads to the alveoli forming together to create a big air sac, diffusion of gasses becomes difficult + takes longer
