Integumentary

Question 1

Integumentary system

Answer 1

body system comprised of the skin and accessory structures, including the hair, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails

protects the body, maintains homeostasis, and provides sensory information about the external environment

Question 2

epidermis

Answer 2

outermost layer composed of keratin and stratified squamous epithelium tissue

Nerve endings and blood vessels are not found in the epidermis

Question 3

Keratin

Answer 3

keratinocytes, which toughen and waterproof skin

Fingernails and toenails are made of keratin, which is also found in the hair and skin

Question 4

melanocytes (also in epidermis)

Answer 4

give skin its color

Question 5

merkel cells

Answer 5

.

Question 6

Langerhans cells

Answer 6

.

Question 7

epidermis layers

Answer 7

stratum basale (innermost layer), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

Question 8

Epidermal cells

Answer 8

Epidermal cells are found deep in the stratum basale and constantly undergo mitosis to make new cells. As new cells are made, they travel to the outer skin surface, producing the protein keratin.

Epidermal cells fill with keratin and die upon reaching the skin’s surface. When this happens, the leftover keratin from the dead cells help form the stratum corneum, which is the waterproof layer. These dead epidermal cells are gradually shed from the skin and replaced with new cells

Question 9

dermis

Answer 9

found directly under the epidermis

deep, thick layer is made of tough connective tissue

connected to the epidermis by collagen fibers

nerve endings and blood vessels flow through the dermis

responsible for a person feeling the sensations associated with touch, pain, heat, and cold

Question 10

Major regions. of Dermis

Answer 10

papillary region and reticular region

Both these regions provide elasticity to the skin, enabling it to stretch

exp: abdominal stretch while pregnant

Question 11

Hair follicles

Answer 11

sites where hair strands originate before protruding from the epidermal layer and onto the skin’s surface

Question 12

Sweat glands

Answer 12

produce a fluid that contains water, salts, and other waste products

made of ducts that extend through the epidermis and look like pores on the skin’s surface

Question 13

Apocrine

Answer 13

glands are found primarily in the armpits and groin area, where hair follicles are abundant

attached to hair follicles and create a watery fluid that contains proteins and fats

inactive until a person reaches puberty

produce sweat when the body is anxious or experiencing stress

Question 14

Eccrine

Answer 14

glands are found all over the body, primarily on the forehead, neck, palms, and soles of feet

not connected to hair follicles

regulate body temperature with sweating if the body becomes too hot

Question 15

Sebaceous glands

Answer 15

oil-producing glands are typically attached to hair follicles

They release sebum, which is a fatty, oily substance.

It waterproofs the hair and skin, preventing both structures from drying out

Question 16

Sebum

Answer 16

has antimicrobial properties, which help the skin fight off infections

Question 17

hypodermis

Answer 17

contains fat, or adipose tissue, that supplies energy for cells and provides insulation to regulate body temperature

Question 18

lunula

Answer 18

white space between the nail bed and cuticle

Question 19

matrix

Answer 19

layer of tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves

Question 20

Nail Anatomy

Answer 20

The nail plate is the hard outer part of the nail. Adjoining the nail plate is the free edge, which overhangs the fingertip. This is the part of the nail that is commonly groomed and cut down. The nail bed is a layer of skin found under the nail plate. This layer of skin is comprised of epidermal cells. The white space between the nail bed and cuticle is called the lunula. The cuticle is a layer of dead skin cells that accumulate and form a thick overhang layer at the base of the nail and around the nail edge. During nail care, cuticles are removed. Beneath the cuticle is the matrix, which is a layer of tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Question 21

causes of skin cancer

Answer 21

genetics

strongest risk factor is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Question 22

UV radiation

Answer 22

sunlight and tanning beds

Overexposure to UV radiation damages DNA in the body’s cells

Exposure to UV radiation causes distinct mutations in skin cells

If the body does not repair the damage to these cells, the mutations accumulate. As a result, the cells can transform into cancerous cells and grow uncontrollably. The uncontrolled cell growth can lead to cancerous tumor formations. Most tumors are harmless, but some produce cells that can move away from the original site of DNA damage and establish new tumors in other organs. This process is called metastasis.

Question 23

Basal cell carcinoma

Answer 23

most common type of skin cancer that occurs in the basal cells of the epidermis. These cells are found in the stratum basale layer and divide to create keratinocytes. Basal cell carcinoma rarely spreads or undergoes metastasis

Question 24

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 24

skin cancer occurs in the squamous cells of the epidermis. It affects the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum. This is the second-most-common type of skin cancer. Because this type of skin cancer is more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma, if this carcinoma is not removed it can metastasize

Question 25

Malignant melanoma

Answer 25

skin cancer occurs when there is an uncontrolled growth of melanocytes in the epidermis. Because melanocytes contribute to the pigmentation of the skin, melanoma is often associated with a dark patch on the body. It is the most dangerous and fatal type of skin cancer