Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Blood
fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body, carrying substances to and away from bodily tissues
pH of about 7.4 and is more viscous than water
blood- formed elements
plasma, molecules, cell fragments, and debris
What’s in formed elements
formed elements consist of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
Plasma
extracellular matrix
different from other types of connective tissue because it is a fluid.
Consisting of about 92% water, formed elements remain suspended in the matrix where they are circulated throughout the body
Blood transports
Gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
Gases
Blood delivers oxygen from the lungs to all cells in the body. It also transports carbon dioxide to the lungs for elimination from the body
Nutrients
Blood transports nutrients from the digestive tract and storage sites in the body to various places in the body
Wastes
Blood transports waste products to the liver, where they are excreted as bile. Waste products also travel by blood to the kidneys when they need to be excreted as urine
Hormones
Blood transports hormones from the glands where they are produced to their target organs
Albumin
main protein in blood, accounting for roughly 60% of the plasma proteins in blood. It plays a role in water balance and functions as a carrier protein, shuttling certain molecules throughout the body
Blood helps regulate…
temperature, chemical balance, and water balance
Blood regulating temp
plasma and the speed of blood flow. Plasma is able to absorb or give off heat
vasodilate
vessels expand
blood flows slowly, causing heat loss. This occurs when the temperature of the external environment is high
vasoconstrict
external environmental temperatures are low, blood vessels contract
causing less heat to be released
Hemostasis
activated when blood vessels are damaged
maintain blood in its fluid state and stops blood from leaking out of a damaged blood vessel through clot formation
Hemostasis steps
1) Vascular spasm
2) Platelet Plug
3) Blood Coagulation
vascular spasm aka vasoconstriction
blood vessels constrict to reduce blood loss. Reducing blood loss for several hours, this process works best with small blood vessels
platelet plug formation
Platelets adhere to the epithelial wall of the blood vessel and aggregate by sticking together. This creates a temporary seal over the damaged site
blood coagulation aka blood clotting
process is a series of events that strengthen the platelet plug by using fibrin threads to form a mesh around the plug. The protein mesh functions as a molecular glue, securing the plug to the damaged site. Red blood cells and platelets remain trapped at the damaged site, forming a clot that facilitates wound healing
Blood classification
Blood group is a way to classify blood according to inherited differences of red blood cell antigens found on the surface of a red blood cell
type of antibody in blood also identifies a particular blood group
Antibodies
proteins found in the plasma
They function as part of the body’s natural defense to recognize foreign substances and alert the immune system
Blood group A
Displays type A antigens on the surface of a red blood cell and contains B antibodies in the plasma
Blood group B
Displays type B antigens on the red blood cell’s surface and contains A antibodies in the plasma
Blood group O
Does not display A or B antigens on the surface of a red blood cell. Both A and B antibodies are in the plasma
Blood group AB
Displays type A and B antigens on the red blood cell’s surface, but neither A nor B antibodies are in the plasma
Rh factor
protein may exist on a red blood cell’s surface. Because this protein can be either present (+) or absent (-), it increases the number of major blood groups from four to eight: A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, and AB-
antiserum
mixed w/sample of blood type to determine individuals blood type
cardiovascular system
circulates substances throughout the body using blood as a transporting mechanism
organs of the cardiovascular system work together to supply cells and tissues with oxygen and nutrients and remove cellular wastes such as carbon dioxide. Blood, heart, and blood vessels form this system
*blood circulation closed loop system
Arteries ->arterioles-> capillaries
Veins-> venules -> capillaries
3 types of blood vessels
arteries, veins, and capillaries
capillaries
tiny vessels that form a network around tissues
Heart location
found between the lungs in the middle of the chest. It rests behind and slightly to the left of the sternum, or breastbone
Heart composition
heart is a muscular organ composed primarily of cardiac muscle. It consists of four chambers: two upper chambers called the atria and two lower chambers called the ventricles. The atria are separated from the ventricles by a muscular structure called the septum. Three layers make up the heart wall. These are the pericardium or outer layer, the myocardium or middle layer, and the endocardium or innermost layer
Tricuspid valve
regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
regulates blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery
Mitral valve
regulates blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle
Aortic valve
regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body
cardiac cycle
complete cycle beginning with atrial contraction and ending with ventricular contraction
systole
When the heart contracts and pumps blood into systemic circulation
Diastole
refers to the period of relaxation when the heart chambers fill with blood
electrocardiogram, or EKG
graph that shows the heart’s rate and rhythm over a period of time- records electrical activity
*heart is a muscle transmits electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract
Waves of EKG
first wave- P wave
indicates atrial contraction or systole
QRS complex represents the combination of Q, R, and S waves
indicates ventricular systole or contraction
T wave indicates ventricular diastole
flat line between the S and T wave is the ST segment
