Integumentary Flashcards
A ___ is the part of a human body which
includes the ears, brain, forehead, cheeks,
chin, eyes, nose, and mouth
head
Heads, sensory functions are
sight
hearing
smell
taste
The outer, middle, and inner ear are responsible for collecting auditory information.
Ear
Ears is responsible for?
Hearing and balance
valuable sense organ that gives us the
* ability to see.
Eyes
contains the teeth, tonsils, and tongue.
: 2 main functions: Eating and speaking
Mouth
Three nerves sends taste information to the brain and interpreted
facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
Responsible for smelling
Nose
_____ in your upper nasal cavity send messages to your brain to help you distinguish an infinite number of smells
Olfactory nerves
Structures include the eyelids and surrounding tissues, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, cornea, and anterior chamber
External Eye
ASSESSMENT OF THE EYE Includes:
▪External eye structure
▪Visual fields
▪Extra ocular muscle test
▪Visual acuity
Eye assessment equipments
▪ Cotton tip applicator
▪Gauze pad
▪Clean gloves
▪Millimeter ruler
▪Penlight
▪Snellen’s or Echart
▪Opaque card
Nearsightedness
Myopia
Farsightedness
Hyperopia
: Loss of elasticity of the lens and thus loss of ability to see close objects.
Presbyopia
An uneven curvature of the cornea that prevents horizontal and vertical rays from focusing on the retina
Astigmatism
Inflammation of the bulbar
and palpebral conjunctiva
CONJUNCTIVITIS
Inflammation of the
lacrimal sac
Dacryocytitis
fiedness, swelling and
tenderness of the hair follicle
Hordeolum
Inflammation of the Iris
Iritis
“Black eye” resulting from
injury
Hematoma/Contusion
Opacity of lens and its
capsule
Cataracts
A disturbance in the
circulation of aqueous fluid
which causes an increase in
intra ocular pressure
Glaucoma
The eardrum vibrates when sound
waves enter the ear canal and pass vibrations to
the oval window, which is a membrane at the
entrance to the inner ear.
Hearing
is achieved through a combination of the sensory organ in the inner ear, visual input, and information received from receptors in the body, especially around joints.
Balance
is a test for lateralization. Tap the tuning fork strongly on your palm and then press the butt of the instrument on the top of the patient’s head in the midline and ask the patient where they hear the sound
Weber Test
evaluates hearing loss by comparing air conduction to bone conduction. Air conduction hearing occurs through air near the ear
Rinne Test
Layers of the skin
Three layers: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
layers
Heaviest single organ of the body
● 16% of body weight
Skin
● Outer visible layer
● Avascular
● Contains keratin
Epidermis
● Made up of proteins and
mucopolysaccharides
● Contains nerve tissues, blood vessels,
sweat and sebum glands, and hair follicles
Dermis
● Made up of fatty connective tissue
Subcutaneous Layer
● Made up of keratinized cells
● Grows from hair follicles supplied by blood
vessels
Hair
Hair Types
Types: Vellus and Terminal hair
Short, pale, and fine hair
Vellus hair
● Dark and coarse
● Found on the scalp, brows, legs, axillae
and perineum
Terminal hair
● Made up of hard, keratinized cells and grow
from a nail root under the cuticle
Nail
grow approximately 0.1mm daily
Finger Nails
Sweat glands
Eccrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Widely distributed, open directly onto the skin surface
Help control body temperature
Eccrine glands
▪ Axillary and genital regions
▪ Open into hair follicles
▪ Responsible for adult body odor due to bacterial decomposition
- Apocrine glands
produce fatty substance secreted onto the skin surface through the hair follicles and lubricates the hair shaft.
Sebaceous Glands
If respiration is impaired,
alterations are the skin are.
most often evident through
the development of
cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin, as hemoglobin becomes unsaturated with oxygen
Cyanosis
Occurs when O2 saturation is <80% and results in diffuse changes in the skin and mucous membranes
Central Cyanosis
Occurs in response to decreased cardiac output.
Evident in areas of the body such as the nail beds and lips May also be evident when an
individual is chilled..
Cyanosis
Loss of the normal angle between the nail and nail bed owing to bulbous swelling of the soft tissue of the terminal phalanx of a digit due severe and chronic cardiopulmonary diseases
Nail Clubbing
The skin layer contains a network of blood vessels, which contribute to its ability to regulate temperature and obtain nourishment.
The Cardiovascular system
Alterations in the cardiovascular system
can lead to circulatory impairment and
changes in
skin color and temperature
system is responsible for the
conversion of food to absorbable nutrients
and elimination of wastes
The Gastrointestinal System
Yellowish discoloration of the skin due to bile build-up secondary to impaired bile secretion
Jaundice
Skin Manifestation
Jaundice
Xanthomas
Other Skin Manifestations – Vitamin A Deficiency
Xerosis
Phrynoderma
abnormally dry,
scaly skin or membranes
Xerosis
hyperkeratosis of the skin manifested by red-brown
follicular papules that are approximately 2-6mm in diameter, with a central keratotic spinous plug
Phrynoderma
Other Skin Manifestations – Riboflavin Deficiency
Cheilosis
Glossitis
– chapping and
fissuring of the lips
– sore, red tongue
Cheilosis
Glossitis
Other Skin Manifestations – Vitamin C Deficiency
Capillary fragility resulting in purpura, petechiae, and
ecchymosis in the skin and splinter hemorrhages in the nails
Other Skin Manifestations – Vitamin C Deficiency
Corkscrew hair Alopecia
spoonlike convexity
of the nails
Koilonychia
Other Skin Manifestations – Iron Deficiency
Thinning of hair Palmar crease pallor
loss of pink color in the palmar creases on the full open palms
Palmar crease pallor
Other Skin Manifestations – Protein Deficiency
Flag sign
Enamel paint skin
alternating horizontal bands of hypopigmentation of the hair
Flag sign
dark, dry kin that splits open when stretched, revealing pale areas between the cracks
Enamel paint skin
Responsible for filtering the
blood, production of red blood
cells, and regulation of
electrolyte and fluid status
Urinary System
Skin Manifestations Of Urinary System
Uremic frost
Edema
Tiny, yellow-white urea crystals
deposits on the skin resulting in a frosted appearance as sweat evaporates.
Uremic frost
Impaired renal function may result in fluid retention
Edema
- Autonomic nerve fibers permit sensations of touch, temperature, pressure, vibrations, and pain, control the skin’s blood vessels and glands, regulating the skin’s temperature, moisture, and
illness.
The Neurological System
Alterations of this system may affect the skin in myriad ways
endocrine system
Thyroid Disease
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
The skin is often dry and cool and becomes puffy, with nonpitting edema.
It may develop a yellow hue as
carotene accumulates. The hair becomes dull, brittle, and sparse
Hypothyroidism
The skin is warmer, sweatier, and smoother than usual
The nails are thin and brittle and may separate from the nail plate. The hair is fine and silky, with patchy hair loss.
Hyperthyroidism
Adrenal Disease
Hypofunction (Addison’s
Disease)
Hyperfunction (Cushing’s
Syndrome)
Bronze discoloration of the skin
and alopecia
Hypofunction (Addison’s
Disease)
Violaceous striae, facial acne,
hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans
Hyperfunction (Cushing’s
Syndrome)
- Involved in protecting the body from both external and
endogenous factors
The Lymphatic/Immune
System
Hypersensitivity
reaction
Psoriasis Butterfly rash in Systemic
Lupus Erythematosus
