Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards
consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys fon1l urine to remove waste from the body; maintain acid base, flu.id, and electrolyte balance; and assist in blood pressure.
control.
Urinary System
Each kidney contains roughly one million.
.
nephrons
functional unit of the kidney,
nephron
collectively called the vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal orifice, urethra, and Skene’s and Bartholin’s glands.
External Genitalia
include the vagina, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
The internal genitalia
includes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymites, urethra, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland.
Male reproductive system
order of Examining the urinary system
Inspection
Percussion
Palpation
This is a widely used speculum with a rounded, duck-bill shape. It’s versatile and suitable for most adult patients
Graves speculum:
: This speculum is narrower and longer than the Graves speculum, making it suitable for patients with a narrower vaginal canal or for use in pediatric and adolescent patients.
Pederson speculum
This speculum has a narrower, more curved blade compared to the Graves speculum. It’s often used for patients with a retroverted uterus or for certain surgical procedures
Sims speculum:
how to insert a speculum
Initial Insertion
Deeper Insertion
Rotate and Open
palpate the
uterus and ovaries from the inside and the
~-..J outside simultaneously.
is circular in a woman who hasn’t given birth
vaginally (nulliparous) and a horizontal slit in a woman
who has (parous).
OS
2 normal os
Nulliparous
parous
Urinary system abnormalities
Kidney enlargement
Urinary Frequency
Hematuria
Nocturia
Urinary Incontinence
Urinary incontinence may be transient or permanent. The amount of urine released may be small or large. Possible causes include stress incontinence, tumors, bladder cancer, calculi, and neurological conditions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury.
Urinary incontinence
excessive urination at night, is a common sign of renal or lower urinary tract disorders. It can result from endocrine or metabolic disorders, prostate cancer, or be an adverse effect of diuretics.
Nocturia
the presence of blood in the urine, may indicate urinary tract infection (UTI), renal calculi, bladder cancer, or trauma to the urinary mucosa. It may also be a temporary condition following urinary tract surgery or urinary catheterization.
Hematuria
refers to an increased incidence of the urge to urinate. It may be caused by bladder calculi, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and urethral strictures. Alternatively, it may be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer, conditions that can exert pressure on the bladder.
Urinary frequency
typically results from an overgrowth of infectious organisms. It causes redness, itching, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), dysuria, and a malodorous discharge. Vaginitis can occur with bacterial vaginosis, Candida albicans infection (a fungal infection), trichomoniasis, and mucopurulent cervicitis.
Vaginitis
Produces a thin, grayish-white discharge with a fishy odor.
Bacterial vaginosis:
Produces purulent yellow discharge from the cervical os.
Occurs with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections.
Mucopurulent cervicitis:
Produces a thick, white, curd-like discharge with a yeast-like odor.
Appears in patches on the cervix and vaginal walls.
Candida albicans infection:
May produce a malodorous yellow or green, frothy or watery, foul-smelling discharge.
May also involve red papules on the cervix and vaginal walls, giving the tissue a “strawberry” appearance.
Trichomoniasis: