Gastrointestinal Tract

Question 1

consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys fon1l urine to remove waste from the body; maintain acid base, flu.id, and electrolyte balance; and assist in blood pressure.
control.

Answer 1

Urinary System

Question 2

Each kidney contains roughly one million.
.

Answer 2

nephrons

Question 3

functional unit of the kidney,

Answer 3

nephron

Question 4

collectively called the vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal orifice, urethra, and Skene’s and Bartholin’s glands.

Answer 4

External Genitalia

Question 5

include the vagina, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

Answer 5

The internal genitalia

Question 6

includes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymites, urethra, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland.

Answer 6

Male reproductive system

Question 7

order of Examining the urinary system

Answer 7

Inspection
Percussion
Palpation

Question 8

This is a widely used speculum with a rounded, duck-bill shape. It’s versatile and suitable for most adult patients

Answer 8

Graves speculum:

Question 9

: This speculum is narrower and longer than the Graves speculum, making it suitable for patients with a narrower vaginal canal or for use in pediatric and adolescent patients.

Answer 9

Pederson speculum

Question 10

This speculum has a narrower, more curved blade compared to the Graves speculum. It’s often used for patients with a retroverted uterus or for certain surgical procedures

Answer 10

Sims speculum:

Question 11

how to insert a speculum

Answer 11

Initial Insertion
Deeper Insertion
Rotate and Open

Question 12

palpate the
uterus and ovaries from the inside and the
~-..J outside simultaneously.

Question 13

is circular in a woman who hasn’t given birth
vaginally (nulliparous) and a horizontal slit in a woman
who has (parous).

Answer 13

OS

Question 14

2 normal os

Answer 14

Nulliparous
parous

Question 15

Urinary system abnormalities

Answer 15

Kidney enlargement
Urinary Frequency
Hematuria
Nocturia
Urinary Incontinence

Question 16

Urinary incontinence may be transient or permanent. The amount of urine released may be small or large. Possible causes include stress incontinence, tumors, bladder cancer, calculi, and neurological conditions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury.

Answer 16

Urinary incontinence

Question 17

excessive urination at night, is a common sign of renal or lower urinary tract disorders. It can result from endocrine or metabolic disorders, prostate cancer, or be an adverse effect of diuretics.

Answer 17

Nocturia

Question 18

the presence of blood in the urine, may indicate urinary tract infection (UTI), renal calculi, bladder cancer, or trauma to the urinary mucosa. It may also be a temporary condition following urinary tract surgery or urinary catheterization.

Answer 18

Hematuria

Question 19

refers to an increased incidence of the urge to urinate. It may be caused by bladder calculi, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and urethral strictures. Alternatively, it may be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer, conditions that can exert pressure on the bladder.

Answer 19

Urinary frequency

Question 20

typically results from an overgrowth of infectious organisms. It causes redness, itching, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), dysuria, and a malodorous discharge. Vaginitis can occur with bacterial vaginosis, Candida albicans infection (a fungal infection), trichomoniasis, and mucopurulent cervicitis.

Answer 20

Vaginitis

Question 21

Produces a thin, grayish-white discharge with a fishy odor.

Answer 21

Bacterial vaginosis:

Question 22

Produces purulent yellow discharge from the cervical os.
Occurs with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections.

Answer 22

Mucopurulent cervicitis:

Question 23

Produces a thick, white, curd-like discharge with a yeast-like odor.
Appears in patches on the cervix and vaginal walls.

Answer 23

Candida albicans infection:

Question 24

May produce a malodorous yellow or green, frothy or watery, foul-smelling discharge.
May also involve red papules on the cervix and vaginal walls, giving the tissue a “strawberry” appearance.

Answer 24

Trichomoniasis:

Question 25

Cause painless warts on the vulva, vagina, cervix, or anus.
Warts start as tiny red or pink swellings that grow and develop stem-like structures, often appearing with a cauliflower appearance.

Answer 25

Genital Warts (Human Papillomavirus):

Question 26

Produce multiple, shallow vesicles, lesions, or crusts inside the vagina, on the external genitalia, buttocks, and sometimes on the thighs.
Symptoms may include dysuria, regional lymph node inflammation, pain, edema, and fever.

Answer 26

Genital Herpes:

Question 27

Occurs when the anterior vaginal wall and bladder prolapse into the vagina.
During a speculum examination, a pouch or bulging on the anterior wall may be observed as the patient bears down. The uterus may prolapse into the vagina and even be visible outside the body.

Answer 27

Vaginal Prolapse (Cystocele):

Question 28

Cervical Polyps:
Bright red, soft, and fragile growths typically arising from the endocervical canal.
Usually benign but may bleed.

Answer 28

Cervical Polyps:

Question 29

In late stages, hard, granular, friable lesions may be detected during a speculum examination.
In early stages, the cervix may appear normal

Answer 29

Cervical Cancer:

Question 30

Herniation of the rectum through the posterior vaginal wall.
During examination, a pouch or bulging on the posterior wall may be observed as the patient bears down.

Answer 30

Rectocele:

Question 31

Causes a painless, ulcerative lesion on the glans or prepuce (foreskin), possibly accompanied by discharge.

Answer 31

Penile Cancer:

Question 32

Flesh-colored, soft, moist papillary growths occurring singly or in cauliflower-like clusters. They vary in size from barely visible to several inches in diameter

Answer 32

Genital Warts:

Question 33

Causes a painful, reddened group of small vesicles or blisters on the prepuce, shaft, or glans. Lesions eventually disappear but tend to recur.

Answer 33

Genital Herpes:

Question 34

Causes a hard, round papule (syphilitic chancre) on the penis, which erodes into an ulcer. Palpation may feel like a button. Swollen lymph nodes in the inguinal area may also be noted.

Answer 34

Syphilis:

Question 35

Testicular Tumor:
Presents as a painless scrotal nodule that cannot be transilluminated. It may indicate a testicular tumor, which could be benign or cancerous, and can lead to enlargement of the testis.

Answer 35

Testicular Tumor:

Question 36

Smooth, firm, symmetrical enlargement of the prostate gland, typically occurring after age 50.
Associated with symptoms such as nocturia, urinary hesitancy and frequency, and recurring urinary tract infections.

Answer 36

Prostrate Fland Enlargement

Question 37

Hard, irregular, fixed lesions on the prostate gland, making it feel asymmetrical.
Palpation may be painful.
Causes urinary dysfunction and can lead to back and leg pain, particularly with bone metastases in advanced stages.

Answer 37

Prostate Gland lesions

Question 38

is the protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening in the muscle wall. It can be classified as direct or indirect inguinal or femoral.

Answer 38

hernia

Question 39

Emerges from behind the external inguinal ring and protrudes through it.
This type of hernia seldom descends into the scrotum and usually affects men older than age 40.

Answer 39

Direct inguinal hernia:

Question 40

The most common type of hernia, occurring in men of all ages.
Can be palpated in the internal inguinal canal, with its tip in or beyond the canal, or the hernia may descend into the scrotum.

Answer 40

Indirect Inguinal Hernia:

Question 41

Uncommon in men, feels like a soft tumor below the inguinal ligament in the femoral area.
May be difficult to distinguish from a lymph node.

Answer 41

Femoral Hernia: