Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards
consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys fon1l urine to remove waste from the body; maintain acid base, flu.id, and electrolyte balance; and assist in blood pressure.
control.
Urinary System
Each kidney contains roughly one million.
.
nephrons
functional unit of the kidney,
nephron
collectively called the vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal orifice, urethra, and Skene’s and Bartholin’s glands.
External Genitalia
include the vagina, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
The internal genitalia
includes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymites, urethra, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland.
Male reproductive system
order of Examining the urinary system
Inspection
Percussion
Palpation
This is a widely used speculum with a rounded, duck-bill shape. It’s versatile and suitable for most adult patients
Graves speculum:
: This speculum is narrower and longer than the Graves speculum, making it suitable for patients with a narrower vaginal canal or for use in pediatric and adolescent patients.
Pederson speculum
This speculum has a narrower, more curved blade compared to the Graves speculum. It’s often used for patients with a retroverted uterus or for certain surgical procedures
Sims speculum:
how to insert a speculum
Initial Insertion
Deeper Insertion
Rotate and Open
palpate the
uterus and ovaries from the inside and the
~-..J outside simultaneously.
is circular in a woman who hasn’t given birth
vaginally (nulliparous) and a horizontal slit in a woman
who has (parous).
OS
2 normal os
Nulliparous
parous
Urinary system abnormalities
Kidney enlargement
Urinary Frequency
Hematuria
Nocturia
Urinary Incontinence
Urinary incontinence may be transient or permanent. The amount of urine released may be small or large. Possible causes include stress incontinence, tumors, bladder cancer, calculi, and neurological conditions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury.
Urinary incontinence
excessive urination at night, is a common sign of renal or lower urinary tract disorders. It can result from endocrine or metabolic disorders, prostate cancer, or be an adverse effect of diuretics.
Nocturia
the presence of blood in the urine, may indicate urinary tract infection (UTI), renal calculi, bladder cancer, or trauma to the urinary mucosa. It may also be a temporary condition following urinary tract surgery or urinary catheterization.
Hematuria
refers to an increased incidence of the urge to urinate. It may be caused by bladder calculi, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and urethral strictures. Alternatively, it may be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer, conditions that can exert pressure on the bladder.
Urinary frequency
typically results from an overgrowth of infectious organisms. It causes redness, itching, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), dysuria, and a malodorous discharge. Vaginitis can occur with bacterial vaginosis, Candida albicans infection (a fungal infection), trichomoniasis, and mucopurulent cervicitis.
Vaginitis
Produces a thin, grayish-white discharge with a fishy odor.
Bacterial vaginosis:
Produces purulent yellow discharge from the cervical os.
Occurs with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections.
Mucopurulent cervicitis:
Produces a thick, white, curd-like discharge with a yeast-like odor.
Appears in patches on the cervix and vaginal walls.
Candida albicans infection:
May produce a malodorous yellow or green, frothy or watery, foul-smelling discharge.
May also involve red papules on the cervix and vaginal walls, giving the tissue a “strawberry” appearance.
Trichomoniasis:
Cause painless warts on the vulva, vagina, cervix, or anus.
Warts start as tiny red or pink swellings that grow and develop stem-like structures, often appearing with a cauliflower appearance.
Genital Warts (Human Papillomavirus):
Produce multiple, shallow vesicles, lesions, or crusts inside the vagina, on the external genitalia, buttocks, and sometimes on the thighs.
Symptoms may include dysuria, regional lymph node inflammation, pain, edema, and fever.
Genital Herpes:
Occurs when the anterior vaginal wall and bladder prolapse into the vagina.
During a speculum examination, a pouch or bulging on the anterior wall may be observed as the patient bears down. The uterus may prolapse into the vagina and even be visible outside the body.
Vaginal Prolapse (Cystocele):
Cervical Polyps:
Bright red, soft, and fragile growths typically arising from the endocervical canal.
Usually benign but may bleed.
Cervical Polyps:
In late stages, hard, granular, friable lesions may be detected during a speculum examination.
In early stages, the cervix may appear normal
Cervical Cancer:
Herniation of the rectum through the posterior vaginal wall.
During examination, a pouch or bulging on the posterior wall may be observed as the patient bears down.
Rectocele:
Causes a painless, ulcerative lesion on the glans or prepuce (foreskin), possibly accompanied by discharge.
Penile Cancer:
Flesh-colored, soft, moist papillary growths occurring singly or in cauliflower-like clusters. They vary in size from barely visible to several inches in diameter
Genital Warts:
Causes a painful, reddened group of small vesicles or blisters on the prepuce, shaft, or glans. Lesions eventually disappear but tend to recur.
Genital Herpes:
Causes a hard, round papule (syphilitic chancre) on the penis, which erodes into an ulcer. Palpation may feel like a button. Swollen lymph nodes in the inguinal area may also be noted.
Syphilis:
Testicular Tumor:
Presents as a painless scrotal nodule that cannot be transilluminated. It may indicate a testicular tumor, which could be benign or cancerous, and can lead to enlargement of the testis.
Testicular Tumor:
Smooth, firm, symmetrical enlargement of the prostate gland, typically occurring after age 50.
Associated with symptoms such as nocturia, urinary hesitancy and frequency, and recurring urinary tract infections.
Prostrate Fland Enlargement
Hard, irregular, fixed lesions on the prostate gland, making it feel asymmetrical.
Palpation may be painful.
Causes urinary dysfunction and can lead to back and leg pain, particularly with bone metastases in advanced stages.
Prostate Gland lesions
is the protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening in the muscle wall. It can be classified as direct or indirect inguinal or femoral.
hernia
Emerges from behind the external inguinal ring and protrudes through it.
This type of hernia seldom descends into the scrotum and usually affects men older than age 40.
Direct inguinal hernia:
The most common type of hernia, occurring in men of all ages.
Can be palpated in the internal inguinal canal, with its tip in or beyond the canal, or the hernia may descend into the scrotum.
Indirect Inguinal Hernia:
Uncommon in men, feels like a soft tumor below the inguinal ligament in the femoral area.
May be difficult to distinguish from a lymph node.
Femoral Hernia:
