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Exam 1 Form and Function > Integument Physiology I > Flashcards

Integument Physiology I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the skin (from outermost to innermost)?

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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2
Q

What are the 4 distinct cell types of the epidermis? Most common?

A

Keratinocytes*, Merkel cells, Langerhans, Melanocytes

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3
Q

What are melanocytes responsible for?

A

They are responsible for the production of melanin this pigmentation of skin and hair

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4
Q

What are keratinocytes? Layers thick?

A

Specialized epithelial cell (most common)
2-5 layers

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5
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Macrophages involved in immunity?

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6
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Sensory cells involved in perception

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7
Q

Composition of dermis layer?

A

Connective (tough and strong), has inherent flexibility

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8
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

Insoluble fibers
Soluble polymers
Macromolecules

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9
Q

Function of Soluble polymers?

A

Resist tensile forces

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10
Q

Function of macromolecules?

A

Resist compressive forces

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11
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

Hair follicles, sebaceous/sweat glands, arrector pili m., lymph vessels, nerves

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12
Q

Hypodermis layers also called?

A

Subcutaneous layer

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12
Q

Functions of dermis?

A

Regular cell growth, proliferation , adhesion, migration, differentiation, wound healing. structure/function of epidermis

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13
Q

Which skin layer is thickest?

A

Hypodermis

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14
Q

What parts of the body do not have hypodermis?

A

Lips, anus, external, ear, eyelid, cheek

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15
Q

What does hypodermis mostly consist of?

A

Triglycerides

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16
Q

Functions of hypodermis?

A

Energy reserve
Thermogenesis/Insulation
Padding/support
Surface contours
Steroid reservoir (estrogen/metabolism production)

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17
Q

What function of skin is the most important?

A

Physical barrier

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18
Q

What are the six functions of the skin?

A
  1. Physical barrier
  2. Thermogenesis
  3. Metabolic Functions
  4. Immune Defense
  5. Indicator
  6. Sensory Perception
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19
Q

What is the primary role of the SQ layer? Hairs? Glands?

A

Cushioning; frictional injury; physical defense

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19
Q

What specifically is skin a physical barrier to?

A

water, electrolytes, macromolecules

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19
Q

What types of injurious agents does skin keep out?

A

Physical, chemical, microbiota

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20
Q

What processes of the skin contribute to its physical barrier function?

A

Melanin formation (prevents sun damage and camouflage), vascularity, keratinization

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21
Q

What is skin the first defense to?

A

The outside world

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21
Q

What substances provide antifungal/microbial properties?

A

Lipids, acids, lysozymes, peptides

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22
Q

What is the general pH of skin?

A

Acidic

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23
Q

What is the adaptive immunity regulated by?

A

Lymphocytes

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24
Q

What is skin an indicator of?

A

Health, internal disease, communication

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24
Q

What prevents BAD microbiota?

A

Diverse population of microorganisms

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25
Q

What types of cell can move towards the skin?

A

Leukocytes

26
Q

What can skin communicate?

A

Camouflage, olfactory cues, sexual dimorphism

27
Q

CR: Hairloss can help diagnose what?

A

Hairloss –> Alopecia –> Hypothyroidism

28
Q

What senses is the skin responsible for?

A

Touch, pressure, pain, itchiness, heat/cold

29
Q

What is responsible for sensation in the dermis? Epidermis?

A

Somatic sensory nerve fibers; Merkel cells

30
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The sense of movement, action, and location

31
Q

What are the 3 metabolic functions of the skin?

A
  1. Storage of nutrients/fluid
  2. Excretion of toxins
  3. Vit D metabolism
32
Q

What is the skin a reservoir for?

A

Macromolecules

33
Q

What is an example of fat deposition in species?

A

Camel

34
Q

How does the skin excrete toxins?

A

Sweating and skin secretions through sebaceous glands

35
Q

What are the two ways for Vit D metabolism?

A
  1. Diet
  2. Photosynthesis
36
Q

What are the functions of Vit D?

A
  1. Calcium/phosphorous homeostasis
  2. Skin epidermal proliferation and differentiation
  3. Pregnancy/immunity
36
Q

What is the pathway of Vit D metabolism through diet?

A

Gut to Liver
to Kidney

37
Q

Describe the pathway of Vit D metabolism through photosynthesis?

A

Solar radiation and pro vitamin D3 and pre vitamin D3
MAKES
Vit D3

Vit D3 and VD binding protein
GO INTO CIRCULATION TO THE LIVER

Liver hydroxylates D3 into calcidiol

HEADS TO Kidney
Hydroxylates Calcidiol to Calcitrol (ACTIVE FORM OF VIT D)

38
Q

How does the skin contribute to thermoregulation?

A

Support the haircoat
Regulates blood supply
Sweat gland function

39
Q

Examples of protection against cold?

A

Haircoat
Hypodermis
Skin Pigmentation

40
Q

When the temperature decreases, what physiological responses increase?

A

Piloerection
Cutaneous vasoconstriction
Shivering
Non-shivering thermogenesis

41
Q

Describe piloerection.

A

Involuntary response of pili mm. which increases haircoat volume and traps air

42
Q

Describe cutaneous vasoconstriction.

A

Blood vessels close, pushing blood to the core

43
Q

What is the critical temp?

A

External temp at which heat maintaining mechanisms no longer work so thermogenesis is required

43
Q

Why are non-shivering mechanisms required?

A

In cold environments, need extra support
Particularly for young and hibernating animals

43
Q

Describe shivering.

A

Muscle activity increases

44
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of heat loss?

A
  1. Conduction
  2. Radiation
  3. Convection
  4. Evaporation
44
Q

What is utilized in non-shivering thermogenesis?

A

Brown fat

45
Q

What is the most effective physiological response to heat loss?

A

Shivering

45
Q

What is the CT for dogs with hair?
No hair?

A

57 F
77 F

45
Q

What is conduction? Example?

A

heat transfer to object lying on (cool surface)

46
Q

What are behaviorial responses to heat loss?

A

Heat seeking
Increase in activity
Compact posture

47
Q

What is radiation?

A

Animal to local environment

48
Q

What is convection? Example?

A

Movement of air (breeze)

49
Q

What is a cat specific heat loss behavior?

A

Watery saliva from submaxillary glands (grooms to spread)

50
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Sweating, panting, grooming

51
Q

What detects an increase in temperature in the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

52
Q

When does a cats rectal temperature increase?

A

90 F

53
Q

What are dogs CT for increase in temperature?

A

Low 80’s

54
Q

How does heat affect cat’s breathing? CR?

A

Breathing volume only slightly decreases so susceptible to a decrease in CO2 (alkalosis)

55
Q

What happens to dog’s breathing when temperature increases?

A

Increases breathing, depth decreases to prevent excess CO2

56
Q

When does a dog reach thermal imbalance? Collapse?

A

105 F; 109 F

57
Q

What is the efficiency of heat loss based on?

A

Humidity AND temperature

58
Q

What are the physiological heat loss responses?

A

Cutaneous vasodilation
Increase evaporative losses

59
Q

Explain cutaneous vasodilation.

A

blood vessel size increases

60
Q

Examples of evaporative losses?

A

Sweating, panting, grooming

61
Q

What do carnivores lack for evaporative loss?

A

Atrichial sweat glands (only have eccrine pads)

62
Q

Explain mechanism of panting.

A

Carnivores vaporize water via respiration

63
Q

What are heat loss seeking behaviors?

A

cold seeking behavior
limiting activity

Exam 1 Form and Function (8 decks)

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