Integument 4a

Question 1

The four types of tissues

Answer 1

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve

Question 2

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 2

Covers and Lines body
Supported by connective tissue – reticular and basal laminae
Polarity – apical and basal surfaces
Special contacts – form continuous sheets held
together by tight junctions and desmosomes
Cellularity – composed almost entirely of cells
Avascular but innervated – contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers
Regenerative – rapidly replaces lost cells by cell
division

Question 3

Epithelia: Simple Squamous

Answer 3

Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
Function: Diffusion and filtration, Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems
Present in the kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae

Question 4

Endothelium

Answer 4

A layer of flat cells lining the closed internal spaces of the body such as the inside of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Question 5

Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal

Answer 5

Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
Function in secretion and absorption
Present in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory
portions of small glands, and ovary surface

Question 6

Epithelia: Simple Columnar

Answer 6

Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cilia
Goblet cells are often found in this layer
Function in absorption and secretion
Nonciliated type line digestive tract and gallbladder
Ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
Cilia help move substances through internal passageways

Question 7

Epithelia: Pseudostratified Column

Answer 7

Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface
Nuclei are seen at different layers
Function in secretion and propulsion of mucus
Present in the male sperm-carrying ducts (nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)

Question 8

Epithelia: Stratified Squamous

Answer 8

Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells
Function in protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
Forms the external part of the skin’s epidermis (keratinized cells), and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells)

Question 9

Stratified cuboidal

Answer 9

Quite rare in the body
Found in some sweat and mammary glands
Typically two cell layers thick

Question 10

Stratified columnar

Answer 10

Limited distribution in the body
Found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia

Question 11

Epithelia: Transitional

Answer 11

Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome shaped
Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder
Lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra

Question 12

Epithelia: Glandular

Answer 12

A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid

Question 13

Endocrine Glands

Answer 13

Ductless glands that produce hormones
Secretions include amino acids, proteins,
glycoproteins, and steroids

Question 14

Exocrine Glands

Answer 14

More numerous than endocrine glands
Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or
into body cavities
Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands
The only important unicellular gland is the goblet cell

Question 15

Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of

Answer 15

duct and secretory unit

Question 16

Merocrine

Answer 16

products are secreted by exocytosis (e.g., pancreas, sweat, and salivary
glands)

Question 17

Holocrine

Answer 17

products are secreted by the

rupture of gland cells (e.g., sebaceous glands)

Question 18

Apocrine

Answer 18

part of apocrine epithelium comes off with it during secretion, cells are secreted as well leading to smell

Question 19

Mucous

Answer 19

lines body cavities open to the exterior

e.g., digestive and respiratory tracts

Question 20

Serous

Answer 20

moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavity

Question 21

Connective Tissues are

Answer 21

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

Question 22

Functions of Connective Tissue

Answer 22

Binding and support
Protection
Insulation
Transportation

Question 23

Connective tissues have

Answer 23

Mesenchyme as their common tissue of
origin
Varying degrees of vascularity
Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and fibers

Question 24

Mesenchyme

Answer 24

Stem cells, embryonic connective tissue,
Gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells
Gives rise to all other connective tissues
Found in the embryo

Question 25

Structural Elements of Connective Tissue

Answer 25

Ground substance, Fibers, Cells

Question 26

Ground substance

Answer 26

unstructured material that fills the space between cells

Question 27

Fibers

Answer 27

collagen, elastic, or reticular

Question 28

Cells

Answer 28

fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts,

and hematopoietic stem cells

Question 29

Collagen

Answer 29

tough; provides high tensile strength

Question 30

Elastic

Answer 30

long, thin fibers that allow for stretch

Question 31

Reticular

Answer 31

branched collagenous fibers that

form delicate networks (In spleen)

Question 32

Fibroblasts

Answer 32

connective tissue proper

Question 33

Chondroblasts

Answer 33

cartilage

Question 34

Osteoblasts

Answer 34

bone

Question 35

Hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 35

blood, White blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and mast cells