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A&P 1 > Bone tissues 6b > Flashcards

Bone tissues 6b Flashcards

1
Q

Growth zone

A

cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

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2
Q

Transformation zone

A

older cells enlarge, the matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die and the matrix begins to deteriorate

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3
Q

Osteogenic zone

A

new bone formation occurs

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4
Q

Growth in length

A

cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone

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5
Q

Remodeling

A

bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth

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6
Q

Alkaline phosphatase

A

is essential for mineralization of bone secreted by osteoblasts

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7
Q

Osteoid seam

A

unmineralized band of bone matrix

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8
Q

Bone Deposition

A

Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed

Requires a diet rich in protein, vitamins C, D, and A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese

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9
Q

Bone Resorption

A

Accomplished by osteoclasts

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10
Q

Resorption involves osteoclast secretion of

A

Lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix

Acids that convert calcium salts into soluble forms

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11
Q

Calcium is necessary for

A 
Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Blood coagulation
Secretion by glands and nerve cells
Cell division
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12
Q

Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to

A

release calcitonin

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13
Q

Calcitonin

A

stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone

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14
Q

Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid

glands to

A

release PTH

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15
Q

PTH signals osteoclasts to

A

degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood

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16
Q

Bone fractures are classified by

A

The position of the bone ends after fracture
The completeness of the break
The orientation of the bone to the long axis
Whether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin

17
Q

Nondisplaced

A

bone ends retain their normal position

18
Q

Displaced

A

bone ends are out of normal alignment

19
Q

Complete

A

bone is broken all the way through

20
Q

Incomplete

A

bone is not broken all the way through

21
Q

Linear

A

the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone

22
Q

Transverse

A

the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

23
Q

Compound (open)

A

bone ends penetrate the skin

24
Q

Simple (closed)

A

bone ends do not penetrate the skin

25
Q

Common Types of Fractures - Comminuted

A

bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly

26
Q

Common Types of Fractures - Spiral

A

ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury

27
Q

Common Types of Fractures - Depressed

A

broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture

28
Q

Common Types of Fractures - Compression

A

bone is crushed; common in porous bones

29
Q

Common Types of Fractures - Epiphyseal

A

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line; occurs where cartilage cells are dying

30
Q

Common Types of Fractures - Greenstick

A

incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; common in children

31
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
Main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone
Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency

32
Q

Rickets

A

Bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
Bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common
Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency

33
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit
Occurs most often in postmenopausal women
Bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping off a curb can cause fractures

34
Q

Osteoporosis: Treatment

A

Calcium and vitamin D supplements
Increased weight-bearing exercise
Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss
Natural progesterone cream prompts new bone growth
Statins increase bone mineral density

35
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown
Pagetic bone with an excessively high ratio of woven to compact bone is formed
Pagetic bone, along with reduced mineralization, causes spotty weakening of bone
Osteoclast activity wanes, but osteoblast activity continues to work
Usually localized in the spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
Unknown cause (possibly viral)

36
Q

Paget’s Disease treatment

A

Treatment includes the drugs Didronate and

Fosamax

37
Q

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

A

A defect in collagen synthesis

Genetic (from parents), or could be a spontaneous genetic mutation

A&P 1 (9 decks)

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