Bone tissues 6a Flashcards
Axial skeleton
bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip
Long bones
longer than they are wide (e.g., humerus)
Short bones
Cube- shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
Bones that form
within tendons (e.g., patella)
Flat bones
thin, flattened, and a bit curved (e.g., sternum, and most skull bones)
Irregular bones
bones with complicated shapes (e.g., vertebrae and hip bones)
Function of Bones
Support Protection Movement Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus) Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones)
Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as
Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments,
and tendons
Joint surfaces
Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
Tuberosity
rounded projection
Crest
narrow, prominent ridge of bone
Trochanter
large, blunt, irregular surface
Line
narrow ridge of bone
Tubercle
small rounded projection
Epicondyle
raised area above a condyle
Spine
sharp, slender projection
Process
any bony prominence
Bone Markings: Projections –
Sites of Muscle and Ligament Attachment
Tuberosity, Crest, Trochanter, Line, Tubercle, Epicondyle, Spine, Process
Bone Markings: Projections – Projections That Help to Form Joints
Head, Facet, Condyle, Ramus
Head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Condyle
rounded articular projection
Ramus
armlike bar of bone
Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings
Meatus, Sinus, Fossa, Groove, Fissure, Foramen
Meatus
canal-like passageway
Sinus
cavity within a bone
Fossa
shallow, basinlike depression
Groove
furrow
Fissure
narrow, slitlike opening
Foramen
round or oval opening through a bone
Compact bone
dense outer layer
Spongy bone
honeycomb of trabeculae filled
with yellow bone marrow
Diaphysis
Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity
Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity
Epiphyses
Expanded ends of long bones
Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone
Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses
Metaphysis
between diaphysis and epiphysis
Periosteum
double-layered protective membrane
Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina
Endosteum
delicate membrane covering internal
surfaces of bone
Osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
Osteoclasts
large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
Osteoid
unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen
Hydroxyapatites
mineral salts, Sixty-five percent of bone by mass, Mainly calcium phosphates, Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression
Osteogenesis and ossification – the process of bone tissue formation, which leads to:
The formation of the bony skeleton in embryos, Bone growth until early adulthood, Bone thickness, remodeling, and repair
Intramembranous ossification
bone develops from a fibrous membrane
Endochondral ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
Uses hyaline cartilage “bones” as models for
bone construction
Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
Stages of Endochondral Ossification
Formation of bone collar
Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage
Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud, and spongy bone formation
Formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses
Ossification of the epiphyses, with hyaline cartilage remaining only in the epiphyseal plates
