Bone tissues 6a

Question 1

Axial skeleton

Answer 1

bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Question 2

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

Question 3

Long bones

Answer 3

longer than they are wide (e.g., humerus)

Question 4

Short bones

Answer 4

Cube- shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
Bones that form
within tendons (e.g., patella)

Question 5

Flat bones

Answer 5

thin, flattened, and a bit curved (e.g., sternum, and most skull bones)

Question 6

Irregular bones

Answer 6

bones with complicated shapes (e.g., vertebrae and hip bones)

Question 7

Function of Bones

Answer 7

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)
Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones)

Question 8

Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as

Answer 8

Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments,
and tendons
Joint surfaces
Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Question 9

Tuberosity

Answer 9

rounded projection

Question 10

Crest

Answer 10

narrow, prominent ridge of bone

Question 11

Trochanter

Answer 11

large, blunt, irregular surface

Question 12

Line

Answer 12

narrow ridge of bone

Question 13

Tubercle

Answer 13

small rounded projection

Question 14

Epicondyle

Answer 14

raised area above a condyle

Question 15

Spine

Answer 15

sharp, slender projection

Question 16

Process

Answer 16

any bony prominence

Question 17

Bone Markings: Projections –

Sites of Muscle and Ligament Attachment

Answer 17

Tuberosity, Crest, Trochanter, Line, Tubercle, Epicondyle, Spine, Process

Question 18

Bone Markings: Projections – Projections That Help to Form Joints

Answer 18

Head, Facet, Condyle, Ramus

Question 19

Head

Answer 19

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Question 20

Facet

Answer 20

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Question 21

Condyle

Answer 21

rounded articular projection

Question 22

Ramus

Answer 22

armlike bar of bone

Question 23

Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings

Answer 23

Meatus, Sinus, Fossa, Groove, Fissure, Foramen

Question 24

Meatus

Answer 24

canal-like passageway

Question 25

Sinus

Answer 25

cavity within a bone

Question 26

Fossa

Answer 26

shallow, basinlike depression

Question 27

Groove

Answer 27

furrow

Question 28

Fissure

Answer 28

narrow, slitlike opening

Question 29

Foramen

Answer 29

round or oval opening through a bone

Question 30

Compact bone

Answer 30

dense outer layer

Question 31

Spongy bone

Answer 31

honeycomb of trabeculae filled | with yellow bone marrow

Question 32

Diaphysis

Answer 32

Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity

Question 33

Epiphyses

Answer 33

Expanded ends of long bones Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses

Question 34

Metaphysis

Answer 34

between diaphysis and epiphysis

Question 35

Periosteum

Answer 35

double-layered protective membrane | Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina

Question 36

Endosteum

Answer 36

delicate membrane covering internal | surfaces of bone

Question 37

Osteoblasts

Answer 37

bone-forming cells

Question 38

Osteocytes

Answer 38

mature bone cells

Question 39

Osteoclasts

Answer 39

large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

Question 40

Osteoid

Answer 40

unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen

Question 41

Hydroxyapatites

Answer 41

mineral salts, Sixty-five percent of bone by mass, Mainly calcium phosphates, Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression

Question 42

Osteogenesis and ossification – the process of bone tissue formation, which leads to:

Answer 42

The formation of the bony skeleton in embryos, Bone growth until early adulthood, Bone thickness, remodeling, and repair

Question 43

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 43

bone develops from a fibrous membrane

Question 44

Endochondral ossification

Answer 44

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage Uses hyaline cartilage “bones” as models for bone construction Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

Question 45

Stages of Endochondral Ossification

Answer 45

Formation of bone collar Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud, and spongy bone formation Formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses Ossification of the epiphyses, with hyaline cartilage remaining only in the epiphyseal plates