Integument Flashcards
What are the general structures of common integument?
Cutis (epidermis and dermis). Subcutis (hypodermis). Modified skim structures.
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Straum lucidum, Stratum Corneum.
Describe Keratinisation
Keratinocytes produced in Stratum Basale, differentiate into Corneocytes in the Stratum Corneum.
What is the Dermis made of?
Elastin fibres, collagen fibres arranged in langer lines
What is subcutaneous tissue?
Loose connective tissue. Contains adipose tissue for energy storage, insulation, padding.
What is the purpose of cutaneous muscle?
Skin Movement
What cells produce pigment against sun radiation?
Melanocytes
Where subcutaneous tissue
Between skin and muscle fascia
Name of cutaneous muscle over neck and face
Platysma
Name of cutaneous muscle over Frontal bone
Frontalis
Name of cutaneous muscle that spreads from sternum to neck
Cutaneous colli
Name of cutaneous muscle over side of trunk
Cutaneous trunci
Name of cutaneous muscle over shoulder and arm
Cutaneous omobrachialis
Name of cutaneous muscle connecting Ventral midline to prepuce
Preputial Muscles
What are Langer Lines>
Collagen Fibres orientated in particular ways in the dermis
What is the function of Common Integument?
Protection, immune defence, sensory, thermoregulation, storage and excretion, communication, selective permeability (waterproofing)
What is Gastrulation?
Formation of Germ Layers during embryonic development.
Name the 3 Germ Layers
Ectoderm (top)
Mesoderm (middle)
Endoderm (bottom)
Name the process of forming Neural tissue
Neuralation
Which Germ layer changes to create Neural Folds
Ectoderm
What do neural folds create
neural groove
How is the neural tube created?
neural grooves join
How are Neural Crest cells formed?
Neural tube fuses
what is the function of the notochord
induces change in the neural ectoderm
which Germ cell forms epidermal cells (+ neural cells and melanocytes )
Ectoderm
What do Mesoderm cells develop into
Dermis and Subcutis (and organs, blood, connective tissue, musculoskeletal system)
What do Endoderm cells develop into
gut and respiratory system linings
What is Innervation?
supplied with nerves
what are Somites?
Blocks of mesoderm tissue
What is a dermatome?
Segment of dermis from somite that has been innovated by a single spinal nerve
Where are hair, feathers, wool, scales developed from?
Epidermis and mesenchymal (dermal) tissue
where does hair grow from?
ectodermal bud (in mesenchyme tissue)
Name the Specialised Mesenchyme cells at the base of the Hair Follicle, and their role
Hair papilla, provide blood and nerve supply
What is Hair, what is its composition?
Thin chain of keratin. Inner medulla, middle cortex, outer cuticle.
Name the stiff straight hair
Guard Hair (topcoat)
Name fine wavy hair
Wool Hair (undercoat)
Thick long hair
Tacticle hairs
How far do Tactile hair reach
subcutis or cutaneous muscle
what regulates shedding?
Pineal Gland (+ temperature and nutrition)
What is the growth stage of the hair growth cycle (1)?
Anagen
What is the atrophy stage of the hair growth cycle) (2)?
Catagen
What is the resting phase in the hair growth cycle? (3)
Telogen
What stage of the hair growth cycle does the follicle proliferate and hair falls out? (4)
Anagen (again)
What are the functions of hair?
Protection, Thermoregulation, waterproofing, communication, sensory
What are the epidermal layers in bird skin?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Germinativium (basale)
what is the core of a feather?
Vascular Dermis
What are the 3 glands in bird skin?
Uropyial gland (preen)
Aural gland
Vent gland
Describe the structure of a feather
A rachis shaft with Vanes either sides made of Barbs with interlocking barbules. And a Calamus base.
What are flight feathers?
Contour Feathers
Which Feathers have an insulating/ thermoregulatory function
Down Feathers and Semi plumes
Which feathers are sensory?
Bristles and filopumes
what are powdered down feathers?
Feathers covered with a fine waxy keratin powder for waterproofing (if they have less preen glands)
What are the function of feathers?
Protection, Waterproofing, thermoregulation, communication/ camouflage, sensory, flight
What are the layers of epidermis in reptiles?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Intermedium
Stratum germinativium (basale)
What is the name of bony plates in the dermis of Reptiles
Osteodermis
Name for shedding?
Ecdysis (dysecdysis if abnormal)
What are fish scales derived from?
Mesoderm
Function of fish scales?
sense water vibrations and orientation
How are fish scales more permeable than other species?
little Keratinisation/ corneocytes.
What is homology?
similar structure and function due to common ancestors.
Where are melanocytes found?
Stratum Basale
what is a footpad
Thick subcutis with adipose tissue partitioned by collagen and elastic fibres.
What layer is added for protection in the footpad?
Thickly cornified Stratum Corneum (epidermis)
How do footpads have increased grip?
Eccrine sweat glands
How are footpads attached to the skeleton?
ligaments
What is the function of footpads?
Shock absorbers
What is horn?
Keratinised epidermis (mainly stratum medium)
What are the layers in nails, hooves, claws?
Epidermis, dermis
what is the junction between skin epidermis and hoof called?
Cornet
What is the function of Laminae
Anchores hoof to underlying dermis
what is the quick?
The nail dermis, has nerves and blood vessels
What is the cornium?
The hoof dermis
What are the 5 parts to the cornium?(dermis)
Perioplic
Coronary
Lamellar
Solar
Frog
What is the coronary/ digital cushion in a hoof
subcutis
What are the layers of the hoof epidermis?
Stratum externum
Stratum medium
Stratum internum
Are there nerves or blood vessels in the hoof epidermis?
no
What produces Stratum Externum
Perioplic papillae
What is the main bulk of the hoof wall?
Stratum medium
What is the stratum internum?
Epidermal laminae
What is the function of the frog
Protect the digital cushion
Name the central bit of the frog?
Central sulcus
Where is epidermal laminae produced from?
Coronary Dermis
What is the white line made of?
Epidermal laminae and interlamellar horn
Where is interlamellar horn produced
From terminal papillae that grow from underneath dermal laminae. (underneath the distil phalanx so nothing to anchor the hoof to)
Where is the bar?
Outside of the bulb heal
What is the side of the frog called?
Lateral Medial Sulcus
How does Venous return occur?
Frog compresses the digital cushion, cartilage squashed which squeezes blood into venous plexus
How do hooves not damage the mothers tissue in the womb?
Hooves are covered by deciduous hoof capsule
Where do antlers grow from?
Pedicle in frontal bone
What is Velvet?
Well vascularised skin on growing antlers
How is velvet shed?
Blood supply is cut off
What is a mature antler?
Exposed living bone
Which skin layer does the horn bud start?
Subcutis
What are horns covered in?
Keratin sheath
Are horns fused to the skull?
Yes
What do horn fractures risk?
Frontal sinus infection
Where do you inject anaesthetic for dehorning?
Cornual nerve
Which get shed (cast), horns or antlers?
Antlers, regrow every year. Horns keep growing with age.
What is sebum in sheep?
Lanolin
what is the function of sebaceous glands?
Waterproof, anti microbial, pheromones (communication), trail marking, sexual status, helping young find udder.
What are the scent marking glands in cats?
Circumoral glands and carpal glands
What are the trail marking glands in sheep?
Interdigital pouch
What are the glands surrounding the eye in sheep?
Infraorbital pouch
Which glands help lambs find the udder in sheep?
Inguinal pouch
Name the 2 anal glands in dogs?
Anal sac glands, circumanal glands
What swear so apocrine sweat glands release?
Albuminous, has bits of cell membrane and cytoplasm
Describe eccrine sweat
Watery
What is the name of eccrine secretion?
Merocrine (exocytosis)
Which type of sweat has an odour?
Apocrine
Where are apocrine glands secrete sweat onto
Hair follicles
Where do eccrine sweat glands secrete sweat onto?
Footpads (For grip) and nasolabial plate of cattle
Which skin layer are apocrine and eccrine sweat glands found?
Apocrine is Subcutis
Eccrine is Dermis
What are mammary glands?
Highly modified apocrine sweat glands that secrete milk and colostrum
Where is milk produced?
In Mammary cuboidal epithelial cells
What are lobules?
Groups of mammary cuboidal epithelial cells lined by alveoli
What are groups of lobules?
Lobes
What pushed milk out of the alveolus?
Myoepithelial cells
Where does milk drain into after the intralobular duct?
The interlobular duct then the lactoferous duct
Where is milk stored?
Lactiferous sinus (Teat and gland sinus)
Name the tissue responsible for milk production?
Parenchyma
What is the importance of separate milk ducts
Infection or matitis (Inflammation) won’t spread
What are the 3 glands in birds
Uropygial (preen) gland
Vent gland
Aural gland
Do birds have sweat or sebaceous glands?
Sebaceous
What are femoral pores in agamid reptiles?
Scent glands
What are the functions of avine glands?
Waterproofing, antimicrobial, feather care, vitamin D production
What are inguinal glands? (rabbits)
Scent marking glands either side of genitals
What are caudal glands? (Guinea pigs)
Territory marking glands
What are the functions of mucus glands in fish?
Insulation, protection, reduce water friction, uv protection
What are the 3 scent glands in rabbits?
Chin, inguinal, anal
What are the glands in Syrian and dwarf hamsters?
Syrian: flank scent glands
Dwarf: Ventral Glands