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Integument and Alimentary systems SF2 > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general structures of common integument?

A

Cutis (epidermis and dermis). Subcutis (hypodermis). Modified skim structures.

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2
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Straum lucidum, Stratum Corneum.

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3
Q

Describe Keratinisation

A

Keratinocytes produced in Stratum Basale, differentiate into Corneocytes in the Stratum Corneum.

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4
Q

What is the Dermis made of?

A

Elastin fibres, collagen fibres arranged in langer lines

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5
Q

What is subcutaneous tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue. Contains adipose tissue for energy storage, insulation, padding.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of cutaneous muscle?

A

Skin Movement

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7
Q

What cells produce pigment against sun radiation?

A

Melanocytes

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8
Q

Where subcutaneous tissue

A

Between skin and muscle fascia

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9
Q

Name of cutaneous muscle over neck and face

A

Platysma

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10
Q

Name of cutaneous muscle over Frontal bone

A

Frontalis

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11
Q

Name of cutaneous muscle that spreads from sternum to neck

A

Cutaneous colli

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12
Q

Name of cutaneous muscle over side of trunk

A

Cutaneous trunci

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13
Q

Name of cutaneous muscle over shoulder and arm

A

Cutaneous omobrachialis

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14
Q

Name of cutaneous muscle connecting Ventral midline to prepuce

A

Preputial Muscles

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15
Q

What are Langer Lines>

A

Collagen Fibres orientated in particular ways in the dermis

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16
Q

What is the function of Common Integument?

A

Protection, immune defence, sensory, thermoregulation, storage and excretion, communication, selective permeability (waterproofing)

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17
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

Formation of Germ Layers during embryonic development.

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18
Q

Name the 3 Germ Layers

A

Ectoderm (top)
Mesoderm (middle)
Endoderm (bottom)

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19
Q

Name the process of forming Neural tissue

A

Neuralation

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20
Q

Which Germ layer changes to create Neural Folds

A

Ectoderm

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21
Q

What do neural folds create

A

neural groove

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22
Q

How is the neural tube created?

A

neural grooves join

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23
Q

How are Neural Crest cells formed?

A

Neural tube fuses

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24
Q

what is the function of the notochord

A

induces change in the neural ectoderm

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25
Q

which Germ cell forms epidermal cells (+ neural cells and melanocytes )

A

Ectoderm

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26
Q

What do Mesoderm cells develop into

A

Dermis and Subcutis (and organs, blood, connective tissue, musculoskeletal system)

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27
Q

What do Endoderm cells develop into

A

gut and respiratory system linings

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28
Q

What is Innervation?

A

supplied with nerves

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29
Q

what are Somites?

A

Blocks of mesoderm tissue

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30
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Segment of dermis from somite that has been innovated by a single spinal nerve

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31
Q

Where are hair, feathers, wool, scales developed from?

A

Epidermis and mesenchymal (dermal) tissue

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32
Q

where does hair grow from?

A

ectodermal bud (in mesenchyme tissue)

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33
Q

Name the Specialised Mesenchyme cells at the base of the Hair Follicle, and their role

A

Hair papilla, provide blood and nerve supply

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34
Q

What is Hair, what is its composition?

A

Thin chain of keratin. Inner medulla, middle cortex, outer cuticle.

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35
Q

Name the stiff straight hair

A

Guard Hair (topcoat)

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36
Q

Name fine wavy hair

A

Wool Hair (undercoat)

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37
Q

Thick long hair

A

Tacticle hairs

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38
Q

How far do Tactile hair reach

A

subcutis or cutaneous muscle

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39
Q

what regulates shedding?

A

Pineal Gland (+ temperature and nutrition)

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40
Q

What is the growth stage of the hair growth cycle (1)?

A

Anagen

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41
Q

What is the atrophy stage of the hair growth cycle) (2)?

A

Catagen

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42
Q

What is the resting phase in the hair growth cycle? (3)

A

Telogen

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43
Q

What stage of the hair growth cycle does the follicle proliferate and hair falls out? (4)

A

Anagen (again)

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44
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A

Protection, Thermoregulation, waterproofing, communication, sensory

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45
Q

What are the epidermal layers in bird skin?

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Germinativium (basale)

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46
Q

what is the core of a feather?

A

Vascular Dermis

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47
Q

What are the 3 glands in bird skin?

A

Uropyial gland (preen)
Aural gland
Vent gland

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48
Q

Describe the structure of a feather

A

A rachis shaft with Vanes either sides made of Barbs with interlocking barbules. And a Calamus base.

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49
Q

What are flight feathers?

A

Contour Feathers

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50
Q

Which Feathers have an insulating/ thermoregulatory function

A

Down Feathers and Semi plumes

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51
Q

Which feathers are sensory?

A

Bristles and filopumes

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52
Q

what are powdered down feathers?

A

Feathers covered with a fine waxy keratin powder for waterproofing (if they have less preen glands)

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53
Q

What are the function of feathers?

A

Protection, Waterproofing, thermoregulation, communication/ camouflage, sensory, flight

54
Q

What are the layers of epidermis in reptiles?

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Intermedium
Stratum germinativium (basale)

55
Q

What is the name of bony plates in the dermis of Reptiles

A

Osteodermis

56
Q

Name for shedding?

A

Ecdysis (dysecdysis if abnormal)

57
Q

What are fish scales derived from?

A

Mesoderm

58
Q

Function of fish scales?

A

sense water vibrations and orientation

59
Q

How are fish scales more permeable than other species?

A

little Keratinisation/ corneocytes.

60
Q

What is homology?

A

similar structure and function due to common ancestors.

61
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum Basale

62
Q

what is a footpad

A

Thick subcutis with adipose tissue partitioned by collagen and elastic fibres.

63
Q

What layer is added for protection in the footpad?

A

Thickly cornified Stratum Corneum (epidermis)

64
Q

How do footpads have increased grip?

A

Eccrine sweat glands

65
Q

How are footpads attached to the skeleton?

A

ligaments

66
Q

What is the function of footpads?

A

Shock absorbers

67
Q

What is horn?

A

Keratinised epidermis (mainly stratum medium)

68
Q

What are the layers in nails, hooves, claws?

A

Epidermis, dermis

69
Q

what is the junction between skin epidermis and hoof called?

A

Cornet

70
Q

What is the function of Laminae

A

Anchores hoof to underlying dermis

71
Q

what is the quick?

A

The nail dermis, has nerves and blood vessels

72
Q

What is the cornium?

A

The hoof dermis

73
Q

What are the 5 parts to the cornium?(dermis)

A

Perioplic
Coronary
Lamellar
Solar
Frog

74
Q

What is the coronary/ digital cushion in a hoof

A

subcutis

75
Q

What are the layers of the hoof epidermis?

A

Stratum externum
Stratum medium
Stratum internum

76
Q

Are there nerves or blood vessels in the hoof epidermis?

A

no

77
Q

What produces Stratum Externum

A

Perioplic papillae

78
Q

What is the main bulk of the hoof wall?

A

Stratum medium

79
Q

What is the stratum internum?

A

Epidermal laminae

80
Q

What is the function of the frog

A

Protect the digital cushion

81
Q

Name the central bit of the frog?

A

Central sulcus

82
Q

Where is epidermal laminae produced from?

A

Coronary Dermis

83
Q

What is the white line made of?

A

Epidermal laminae and interlamellar horn

84
Q

Where is interlamellar horn produced

A

From terminal papillae that grow from underneath dermal laminae. (underneath the distil phalanx so nothing to anchor the hoof to)

85
Q

Where is the bar?

A

Outside of the bulb heal

86
Q

What is the side of the frog called?

A

Lateral Medial Sulcus

87
Q

How does Venous return occur?

A

Frog compresses the digital cushion, cartilage squashed which squeezes blood into venous plexus

88
Q

How do hooves not damage the mothers tissue in the womb?

A

Hooves are covered by deciduous hoof capsule

89
Q

Where do antlers grow from?

A

Pedicle in frontal bone

90
Q

What is Velvet?

A

Well vascularised skin on growing antlers

91
Q

How is velvet shed?

A

Blood supply is cut off

92
Q

What is a mature antler?

A

Exposed living bone

93
Q

Which skin layer does the horn bud start?

A

Subcutis

94
Q

What are horns covered in?

A

Keratin sheath

95
Q

Are horns fused to the skull?

A

Yes

96
Q

What do horn fractures risk?

A

Frontal sinus infection

97
Q

Where do you inject anaesthetic for dehorning?

A

Cornual nerve

98
Q

Which get shed (cast), horns or antlers?

A

Antlers, regrow every year. Horns keep growing with age.

99
Q

What is sebum in sheep?

A

Lanolin

100
Q

what is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

Waterproof, anti microbial, pheromones (communication), trail marking, sexual status, helping young find udder.

101
Q

What are the scent marking glands in cats?

A

Circumoral glands and carpal glands

102
Q

What are the trail marking glands in sheep?

A

Interdigital pouch

103
Q

What are the glands surrounding the eye in sheep?

A

Infraorbital pouch

104
Q

Which glands help lambs find the udder in sheep?

A

Inguinal pouch

105
Q

Name the 2 anal glands in dogs?

A

Anal sac glands, circumanal glands

106
Q

What swear so apocrine sweat glands release?

A

Albuminous, has bits of cell membrane and cytoplasm

107
Q

Describe eccrine sweat

A

Watery

108
Q

What is the name of eccrine secretion?

A

Merocrine (exocytosis)

109
Q

Which type of sweat has an odour?

A

Apocrine

110
Q

Where are apocrine glands secrete sweat onto

A

Hair follicles

111
Q

Where do eccrine sweat glands secrete sweat onto?

A

Footpads (For grip) and nasolabial plate of cattle

112
Q

Which skin layer are apocrine and eccrine sweat glands found?

A

Apocrine is Subcutis
Eccrine is Dermis

113
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Highly modified apocrine sweat glands that secrete milk and colostrum

114
Q

Where is milk produced?

A

In Mammary cuboidal epithelial cells

115
Q

What are lobules?

A

Groups of mammary cuboidal epithelial cells lined by alveoli

116
Q

What are groups of lobules?

A

Lobes

117
Q

What pushed milk out of the alveolus?

A

Myoepithelial cells

118
Q

Where does milk drain into after the intralobular duct?

A

The interlobular duct then the lactoferous duct

119
Q

Where is milk stored?

A

Lactiferous sinus (Teat and gland sinus)

120
Q

Name the tissue responsible for milk production?

A

Parenchyma

121
Q

What is the importance of separate milk ducts

A

Infection or matitis (Inflammation) won’t spread

122
Q

What are the 3 glands in birds

A

Uropygial (preen) gland
Vent gland
Aural gland

123
Q

Do birds have sweat or sebaceous glands?

A

Sebaceous

124
Q

What are femoral pores in agamid reptiles?

A

Scent glands

125
Q

What are the functions of avine glands?

A

Waterproofing, antimicrobial, feather care, vitamin D production

126
Q

What are inguinal glands? (rabbits)

A

Scent marking glands either side of genitals

127
Q

What are caudal glands? (Guinea pigs)

A

Territory marking glands

128
Q

What are the functions of mucus glands in fish?

A

Insulation, protection, reduce water friction, uv protection

129
Q

What are the 3 scent glands in rabbits?

A

Chin, inguinal, anal

130
Q

What are the glands in Syrian and dwarf hamsters?

A

Syrian: flank scent glands
Dwarf: Ventral Glands

Integument and Alimentary systems SF2 (19 decks)

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