Equine

Question 1

where does the lumen of the oesophagus narrow?

Answer 1

the thoracic inlet
an area for impaction

Question 2

what innervates the oesophagus?

Answer 2

Vagus
Glosso-pharyngeal
Sympathetic parts

Question 3

what muscle lines the oesophagus?

Answer 3

distal 3rd is smooth muscle
rest is striated skeletal

Question 4

is the oesophagus keratinised?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

what is the capacity of the stomach?

Answer 5

5-15L

Question 6

where is the cardia region of the stomach in the abdominal cavity?

Answer 6

opposite the 11th rib

Question 7

what is the margo plicatus?

Answer 7

seperates the the glandular and non glandular region of the stomach

Question 8

why can horses not vomit

Answer 8

due to the well developed cardiac sphincter at an acute angle

Question 9

what is the saccus caecus?

Answer 9

oesophageal stomach inlet (joining)

Question 10

what area of the stomach is glandular?

Answer 10

Fundic

Question 11

what cells line the fundic region?

Answer 11

simple columnar epithelium
(surface mucous cells)

Question 12

what are the 4 types of cells in the stomach wall?
and where are they found

Answer 12

mucin producing
partietal
cheif
endocrine

they line the gastric pits

Question 13

what tines the small intestines?

Answer 13

mesentry

Question 14

how may the small intestines become twisted or trapped?

Answer 14

the mesentery is very long

Question 15

where does the illeum enter caecum

Answer 15

the medial side

Question 16

what are the regions of the small intestines (in order)

Answer 16

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 17

where does the ileum terminate

Answer 17

at the illeal papillae

Question 18

what is the caecocolic orifice?

Answer 18

where the caecum joins the colon

Question 19

what are bands

Answer 19

Taenia
longitudinal smooth muscle that segment the colon

Question 20

what are sacculations

Answer 20

Haustra
pouches in the caecum and ventral colon

Question 21

what is the order of the ascending colon

Answer 21

RVC
sternal flexture
LVC
pelvic flexure
LDC
Diaphragmatic flexure
RDC

Question 22

what is the order of the colons?

Answer 22

ascending
transverse
descending

Question 23

where does the caecum fit?

Answer 23

the entire right flank (from the last intercostal space to the coxal tuberosity. the base is at the paralumbar)

Question 24

where is the RVC located

Answer 24

the ventral body wall

Question 25

where is the RDC located

Answer 25

within the thoracic cage

Question 26

where are the majority of the small intestines located

Answer 26

left dorsal side

Question 27

**where is the stomach located

Answer 27

left side
9th to 12th intercostal

Question 28

how is the spleen connected to the kidney?

Answer 28

the neprosplenic ligament

Question 29

where are there sites for obstruction?

Answer 29

pelvic flexure
transverse colon
descending colon
caecum

Question 30

what is hindgut fermentation and where does it occur

Answer 30

microbial digestion in the small intestines, caecum and large intestines

Question 31

what is the valve between the ileum and the caecum

Answer 31

illeocecal junction

Question 32

what is the caecum volume

Answer 32

80L

Question 33

why is hindgut fermentation required

Answer 33

need a high in fibre (carbohydrate) diet for energy

Question 34

which bacteria digests starch

Answer 34

Saccharolytic bacteria

Question 35

which bacteria digests fibre

Answer 35

fibrolytic bacteria

Question 36

what is SCOD

Answer 36

simple colic obstruction/ distension

Question 37

how is there variation between individuals in the bacterial families

Answer 37

different diets lead to different fermentation rates, lead to differebt acidities which are conditions for different bacteria communities

Question 38

what type of stomach?

Answer 38

composite monogastric