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ENT > Insulin Signalling > Flashcards

Insulin Signalling Flashcards

1
Q

Beta cells secrete

A

Insulin

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2
Q

Alpha cells secrete

A

Glucagon

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3
Q

Delta cells secrete

A

Somatostatin

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4
Q

Structure of insulin

A

2 polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds

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5
Q

Why is human insulin given and not pig insulin?

A

Prevents antibody formation

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6
Q

How does glucose enter beta cells?

A

GLUT 2

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7
Q

Which enzyme phosphorylates glucose?

A

Glucokinase

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8
Q

Why is the release of insulin biphasic?

A

5 % of insulin granules are immediately available for release
RRP – readily releasable pool
Reserve pool must undergo preparatory reactions to become mobilised and available for release

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9
Q

Mutations in which gene lead to neonatal diabetes?

A

Kir6.2

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10
Q

Mutations in which enzyme lead to MODY?

A

Glucokinase

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11
Q

Loss of insulin secreting beta cells

A

Type 1 diabetes

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12
Q

Defective glucose sensing in the pancreas and/or loss of insulin tissue

A

MODY

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13
Q

Initially hyperglycemia with hyperinsulinemia so primary problem is reduced insulin sensitivity in tissues

A

MODY

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14
Q

How does insulin elicit a response?

A

Binds to tyrosine kinase receptor (binding to the alpha units causes the beta units to phosphorylate themselves)

  • this activates catalytic activity of the receptor
  • the insulin receptor substrates (IRS) are then phosphorylated
  • IRS activates Ras/MAPK pathway etc etc, glucose then taken up by cell
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15
Q

Where can proteins get phosphorylated?

A

On any hydroxyl group

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16
Q

Biological effects of insulin

A 
Amino acid uptake in muscle
DNA synthesis
Protein synthesis
Growth responses
Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
Lipogenesis in adipose tissue and liver
Glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle
17
Q

A family with severe insulin resistance and diabetes is due to a mutation in which gene?

A

AKT2

18
Q

Leprechaunism - Donohue syndrome

autosomal recessive

A

elfin facial appearance
growth retardation
absence of subcutaneous fat, decreased muscle mass

  • severe insulin resistance
  • caused by defects in insulin binding/insulin receptor signalling
19
Q

Rabson Mendenhall Sayndrome

autosomal recessive

A

Severe insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and compensatory hyperinsulinemia

ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS

Fasting hypoglycemia (due to hyperinsulinemia)
Diabetic ketoacidosis
20
Q

Where are ketone bodies formed?

A

Liver mitochondria

derived from acetyl-CoA from b oxidation

21
Q

Oxaloaxetate is consumed for what?

A

Gluconeogenesis

ENT (14 decks)

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