Instruments II Flashcards
Define Holding:
A holding procedure is a predetermined maneuver due to unexpected or expected delays which keeps aircraft within specified airspace while awaiting further clearance from ATC
Reasons for Holding
Unexpected:
Expected:
Unexpected:
- Sequencing
- Emergency
- WX
Expected:
- Pilot request for practice holding
- Contained in original IFR clearance
- Course Reversal
4 Types of Holding:
- Arrival (Solid Thin Line)
- In Lieu of Procedure Turn (Solid Bold Line)
- Missed Approach (Segmented Line)
- Enroute
Banks in Holding
- Use whichever requires the least bank angle:
3° Per Second
30° Bank angle
25° Bank angle provided a Flight Director System is used
Airspeeds in Holding
Copter - 90 KIAS
0 - 6000 MSL - Max 200 KIAS
6,001 - 14,000 MSL - Max 230 KIAS
An ATC clearance requiring an aircraft to hold at a fix WITH a charted holding pattern will include:
- Aircraft ID
- Charted holding direction from fix
- The statement “as published”
- Expect Further Clearance (EFC) time
An ATC clearance requiring an aircraft to hold at a fix WITHOUT a charted holding pattern will include:
- Aircraft ID
- Direction of holding from the fix
- Name of the holding fix
- Holding radial, course, bearing, airway, or route on which to hold
- Leg length in time or miles
- Direction of turns
- Expect Further Clearance (EFC) time
Required radio calls for a holding pattern
- Entering Holding (Time and Altitude)
- Exiting Holding (Report Departure)
Abeam
Being approximately 90° left or right of something
Inbound Timing Factor
- 1 minute unless otherwise directed
- Wings level
Outbound Timing Factor
- 1 minute unless otherwise directed
- When abeam the fix or if unable to accurately verify, than wings level
Wind Drift Correction in Holding Pattern
- Only on Inbound and Outbound Legs
- Triple Inbound heading to receive the Outbound heading and opposite direction
MDA
Minimum Decent Altitude
VASI
Visual Approach Slope Indicator
LPV
Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance
LNAV
Lateral Navigation
VNAV
Vertical Navigation
GLS
GPS Landing System
ILS Approach Type
Precision
LOC Approach Type
Non-Precision
NoPT
No Procedure Turn
NA vs N/A
Not Authorized
Non-Applicable
TAA
Terminal Arrival Area
MAP
Missed Approach Point
DA
Decision Altitude
LNAV+V
Lateral Navigation with Vertical Guidance
IAP
Initial Approach Procedure
HAT
Height Above Touchdown
HAA
Height Above Airport
HAL
Height Above Landing Area
What does a “T” in a black triangle mean?
Airport has non-standard takeoff minimums
Arrows on a MSA symbols
Identify sectors
What does a Feeder Route provide?
- Altitude
- Heading
- Distance
What are Airport Diagrams specifically designed to assist the pilot with?
It assist pilots in the movement of ground traffic at locations with complex runway/taxiway configurations
What are the 6 categories published for IFR Landing Minima?
A, B, C, D, E and COPTER
What category of IFR Landing minimums can helicopters use in the absence of COPTER minima?
Category A
How is the ceiling computed in Weather Planning Minimums (radar minima):
By subtraction the field elevation from the DA or MDA and, if not in even hundreds (of feet), this value will be rounded off upwards to the next hundred foot.
What is an Airport Surface Hot Spot?
A location on an aerodrome movement area with a history of potential risk of collision or runway incurision, and where hightened attention by pilots/drivers is necessary
What is a Hot Spot?
A runway safety related problem on an airport that present increased rish during surface operations
What is the difference between category A, B, C, and D approaches?
Airspeed limitations and visibility
Name all the sections of an approach plate
- City and State
- Procedure Information
- Airport Identifier
- FAA Chart Reference Number (Approving Authority)
- Lat/Long Coordinates
- Amendment Effective Date
Where would you look on the approach chart to find information concerning runway, dimensions, approach lighting, and runway lighting?
Pilot Briefing Section
What section of the approach cahrt do you find the Final Approach Fix (FAF)?
Profile View
Departure locations from an airport for IFR
- Runway
- Takeoff Pads
Two ways to get IFR clearance from an airport with tower
- Clearance Delivery
- Ground Control
Four ways to get IFR clearance from an airport without tower
- Contact ATC by Phone via Remarks
- Radio (FFS) by Remote Communication Outlet (RCO)
- Telephone (1-800-WXBRIEF)
IFR clearance Items
- Aircraft identification
- Clearance Limit
- SID (if requested or assigned)
- Route of Flight
- Altitude Data in the order flown
- Holding Instructions (As necessary)
- Any Special Information (i.e. Radar Vectoring Info)
- Frequency (Who to contact after departure)
- Transponder beacon code information
Takeoff minimums for a pilot on controls who has logged <50 hours of actual weather hours as PiC
- 100ft Ceiling
- 1/4 SM Visibility
Types of Departures
- Diverse Departure
- ODPs
- SIDs
- Radar Departure
- VFR Departure
Two depictions of SIDs
- Text
- Graphical
Diverse Departure Requirements
- Airport has at least 1 Instrument Approach
- Maintain runway heading after takeoff
- Minimum Rate of Climb is 200FPNM
- No turn until passing 400ft above DER or Field Elevation
Obstacle Departure Procedure (ODP)
Preplanned IFR departure procedure that provides obstruction clearance via the least onerous route from the terminal area to the appropriate enroute structure
ODPs may require
Greater than standard takeoff and ceiling and or vis
A specified altitude before turning
Greater than 200 f/Nm climb rate
SIDs are primarily designed to
- Expedite Traffic Flow
- Reduce Pilot Workload
Radar Controlled Departure
Departing via IFR in Congested Areas
What can be utilized along with SIDs to expedite traffic flow or avoid comgestion?
Radar Vectoring
Instrument Approaches Include
- Lateral Guidance
- Vertical Guidance
- Range Information
- Visual Information
4 Instrument Approach Procedure Segments
- Initial Approach
- Intermediate Approach
- Final Approach
- Missed Approach
2 Things all Non-precision Approaches have
- No Electronic Glideslope (Vertical Guidance)
- Minimum Descent Altitude
Course Reversal Names
- Procedure Turns
- Holding in Lieu of Procedure Turn
Common Techniques for a Procedure Turn
- Teardrop Pattern
- Standard 45-Degree Turn (45 / 180)
- 80 / 260 Course Reversal
- Holding/racetrack pattern
Procedure Turn Restrictions
- ATC Clears straight-in-approach
- Flying approach via No PT route
- When established in holding and subsequently cleared for the approach and the holding course and PT course are the same
- When ATC provides Radar Vectors
- ATC Clears the aircraft for timed approach
Course Reversal Restrictions
- Do not exceed the remain within distance
- Maintain minimum altitude or higher until established on the inbound segment of the approach
Occasionally, this specific flight path is required for a course reversal
Procedure Track
Initial Approach Fix
The beginning of the Initial Approach Segment
Final Approach Fix
The beginning of the Final Approach Segment
Before you may begin your descent from FAF to the DA/MDA you must be
- Cleared for the approach
- Established on the Final Approach Course
- Within the distance specified in the profile view
Missed Approach Climb Rates
- Copter - 400FPNM
- All Others - 200FPNM
Missed Approach Options
- Require new ATC clearance
- Request additional approaches provided fuel, including reserve, is adequate
- Holding for improved weather conditions
- Proceeding to your alternate airfield
Which segment accommodates Course Reversals?
Intermediate Segment
Three things that denote the Final Approach Fix
- Glide Slope Intercept
- Maltese Cross
- Final Approach Point
Only time you can fly below MDA
- The approach of the runway, lights or other markings must be visible to the pilot
- Aircraft must be in a position from which a safe approach to the runway or landing area can be made
Visual Descent Point
Defined point on a final approach course of a non-precision straight-in approach procedure
3 Additional IFR Approach Procedures
- Visual Approach
- Contact Approach
- Charted Visual Approach
Fully operable Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides
- Lateral Guidance Information
- Vertical Guidance Information
- Range Information
- Visual Information
GCA
Ground Controlled Approach
GCA Defined
A radar approach system operated from the ground by air traffic control personel transmitting instructions to the pilot by radio
2 Types of GCA
- PAR (Precision Approach Radar)
- ASR (Airport Surveillance Radar)
PAR is a Precision Approach that provides
- Precise Course
- Glide Slope
- Range Information
ASR is a Non-precision Approach that provides
- Lateral Course Guidance
- Range Information
- Altitude Recommendations
ASR Radar Distance and Degree Coverage
60NM
360°
When doing a PAR what runway MDA do you use?
The runway you are shooting the approach to
Radar monitoring of approaches is automatically provided when?
- Weather less than 1000’ and 3SM Visibility
- When requested by the pilot
- At night (N/A at U.S. Army Airfields)
How often must you hear from PAR final controller?
Every 5 seconds
How often must you hear from PAR final controller?
Every 15 seconds
How often must you hear from ATC final controller?
Every 1 minute
Which DoD FLIP provides information on different book information?
General Planning - Chapter 1
Which DoD FLIP provides definitions?
General Planning - Chapter 2
Which DoD FLIP provides pilot procedures?
Area Planning 1 - Chapter 6
Which DoD FLIP provides airport information?
Enroute IFR Supplement
Which DoD FLIP aids the IFR Supplement with more airport information?
Area Planning 1
Which DoD FLIP provides airborne VOR checkpoints?
Area Planning 1
Which DoD FLIP provides flight hazards?
Area Planning 1
Which DoD FLIPs provides graphic visualization of different types of lightning?
- General Planning
- Terminal Procedures Publication
- Flight Information Handbook
Which DoD FLIP provides information about special use airspace?
Enroute Low Altitude
Which DoD FLIP provides information on approaches?
- Terminal Low Altitude
- Terminal Procedures Publication
Non-precision Approaches (RNAV) that look similar to Precision Approaches
Approach with Vertical Guidance
