Instrumental Conditioning

Question 1

Instrumental conditioning

Answer 1

learning the contingency between a behaviour and a consequence (action = consequence)

Question 2

Stamped in

Answer 2

behaviours followed by a favourable consequence

Question 3

Stamped out

Answer 3

behaviours with negative consequence

Question 4

Reinforcer

Answer 4

any stimulus presented after a response that impacts the frequency that the response is performed

Question 5

reward training

Answer 5

presentation of a positive reinforcer -> increases the frequency of a behaviour

Question 6

punishment training

Answer 6

presentation of a negative reinforcer -> decreases frequency of behaviour

Question 7

omission training

Answer 7

removal of a positive reinforcer -> decrease in frequeny of behaviour

Question 8

Escape training

Answer 8

removal of negative reinforcer -> increase in frequency of behaviour

Question 9

What effects the response rate of behaviours

Answer 9

1. the participant
2. complexity of behaviour
3. type of reinforcement used

Question 10

Autoshaping

Answer 10

learning without direct guidance

Question 11

shaping

Answer 11

behaviours that are too complex to be autoshaped

Question 12

Successive approximations

Answer 12

complex behaviours organized over smaller approximations which gradually build up to response hoping to be conditioned

Question 13

Chaining

Answer 13

techinique to develop sequence of behaviours
- each behaviour reinforced with opportunity to perform the next behaviour in a sequence

Question 14

S+ (SD)

Answer 14

contingency valid
parents house = veggies = dessert

Question 15

S- (S delta)

Answer 15

contingency unvalid
grandparents house = veggies /= dessert

Question 16

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 16

respones leads to reinforcer in every trial

Question 17

Partial reinforcement schedules

Answer 17

reinforcement deliveries determined by total responses or time

Question 18

ratio strain

Answer 18

fixed ratio schedule ineffecitve b/c behaviours to rewards is too high

Question 19

pause and run pattern

Answer 19

pause following reinforcement (FR-# shed)
- lack of motivation/procrastination

Question 20

VR #

Answer 20

capable of very constant and high response rates
no pause and run (b/c player knows random and only way to recieve reward is to continue playing)

VR -10 better than VR-40

linear lines on graph

Question 21

FI #

Answer 21

deliver reinforcement after fixed interval of time
- individual doesnt watn to miss reinformcent windwo

scallop
reinforcement followed by lull period

Question 22

VI #

Answer 22

deliver reinforcemnet after set average amount of time
more frequent reinforcement = increase response rates

linear
VI 2 more responses than VI 6

Question 23

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 23

behaviours will increase in frequency if it results in a positive consequence

Question 24

how do kids learn of instrumental conditioning

Answer 24

• modelling behaviour
• through observation
• cultural trasmission

Question 25

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 25

Satisfy biological needs
- food, sleep, shelter, joy

Question 26

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 26

established through classical conditioning
- can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer (money, doesn’t have to be direct)

Question 27

Contrast Effects

Answer 27

changes in the value of a reward lead to shifts in response rate

Question 28

Negative contrast

Answer 28

high reward switched to low reward = slower response rate

Question 29

Overjustification Effect

Answer 29

displays how changes in reinforcement, i.e. presentation of rewards for behaviours already naturally performed, alter the perception of the behaviour.

makes clear that when an individual relies too greatly on extrinsic reward, they will fail to continue that behaviour when the reward stops