Innate immunity 2

Question 1

______: defense response against microbial infection, physical/and or chemical agents; reinforcement mechanism against microbial survival and proliferation in tissues & organs

1. 5 signs of inflammation:
   - redness
   - heat/fever
   - pain (release of ____ & ____ which stimulates nerve endings)
   - swelling/ edema
   - loss of fxn
2. major events:
   - increased diameter of blood vessel to facilitate the increased blood flow in infected site
   - there’s a tight junction in between of epithelial cells that will contract = widening the gap of junction
   - when the phagocytic cells are already in the inflammation site, they will elicit their mechanism
   - initiated by fibroblasts

Answer 1

Inflammation

1. 5 signs of inflammation:
   - Rubor
   - Calor
   - Dolor (histamine & ranitidine)
   - Tumor
   - Functio laesa
2. major events:
   - vasodilation
   - increase in capillary permeability
   - influx of phagocytes
   - resolution & repair

Question 2

mediators of inflammation:
1. principal mediator of inflammation which binds to the receptors of capillaries &
venules
2. same fxn w/ histamine
3. sensitive inhibitors
- increases when there’s inflammation by ___% due to injury
- produced by ____
4. produces pores in bacterial membrane = leakage of cellular contents
- alpha-defensins: found in _____
- beta-defensins: found in _____

Answer 2

1. histamine
2. kinnins
3. acute phase proteins
   - 25%
   - hepatocytes
4. defensins
   - gastrointestinal tract
   - respiratory tract

Question 3

acute phase proteins:
1. opsonization, complement activation (increased by)
2. removal of cholesterol (increased by)
3. protease inhibitor (increased by)
4. clot formation (increased by)
5. binds hemoglobin (increased by)
6. binds copper and oxidizes iron (increased by)
7. opsonization, lysis (increased by)
8. complement activation

Answer 3

1. c-reactive protei (1000x)
2. serum amyloid A (1000x)
3. alpha1-antitrypsin (2-5x)
4. fibrinogen (2-5x)
5. haptoglobin (2-10x)
6. ceruloplasmin(2x)
7. complement C3(2x)
8. Mannose Binding Protein

Question 4

_______: defensive system of serum proteins that participate in
lysis of foreign cells, inflammation, & phagocytosis; pro-inflammatory

1. contains more than _______

pathways of activation
1. activated by antigen-antibody complex (specifically ____ & _____)
- 9 components order
- membrane attack complex (induces lysis)
- initiate pore formation
- polymerize MAC
- key intermediate in all pathways; w/o this, a person is susceptible to severe recurrent infections
- deficient to this is susceptible to Neisseriae infections
2. activated thru direct interaction w/ bacteria (activating surfaces)
3. activated by pathogen surfaces
- aka
- recognizes (3)

Answer 4

Complement System

1. 30 soluble particles

pathways of activation
1. Classical Pathway (IgM & IgG)
- C1 > C4 > C2 > C3 > C5 > C6 > C7 > C8 > C9
- C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
- C8
- C9
- C3b
- C5 to C8
2. Alternative Pathway
3. Lectin Pathway
- Mannose Binding Lectin Pathway
- Salmonella, Neisseriae, Streptococcus

Question 5

3 bases of complement system
1. _____
- classical
- alternative
- lectin
2. _____
- classical
- alternative
- lectin
3. _____
- initiated by ____

Answer 5

1. initiation
   - antigen-antibody complex
   - activating surfaces
   - pathogen surfaces
2. activation/ amplification
   - C1 to C3
   - factor B & factor D to C3b
   - MASPs to C4
3. membrane attack complex
   - C5b

Question 6

fxn/ biological effects of complement system:
1. MAC will insert themselves to the cell membrane of the bacteria which will lead to a loss of osmotic integrity causing a cell lysis; destruction of plasma membrane causing the cellular contents to break out
2. movement of phagocytic cell thru a receptor (chemotaxin)
- specifically ______
3. coating of antigen to facilitate phagocytosis
4. promotes vasodilation and increase vascular permeability
- ____ & ____ = potent promoters of vasodilation

Answer 6

1. Cytolysis
2. Chemotaxis
   - C5a
3. Opsonization
4. Anaphylatoxins
   - C3a & C5a

Question 7

____: classes of similar antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells after viral stimulation
1. type 1A
- aka
- components
- antiviral, increases _______
2. type 1B
- aka
- components
- antiviral, increases _______
3. type 2
- components
- major ______ activator
- induces _______
- antagonists to _____

Answer 7

Interferons
1. INF-Alpha
- Leukocyte interferon
- Null lymphocyte
- MHC Class I expression
2. INF-Beta
- Fibroepithelial interferon
- Fibroblasts, Epithelial cells
- MHC Class I expression
3. INF-Gamma
- Immunologically stimulated
lymphocytes
- macrophage
- MHC Class II
- IL-4