Innate immunity Flashcards
Terminologies:
1. study of host’s reaction when foreign substances are introduced to the body
2. system by which the body discriminates self from non-self and destroys nonself
3. involve complex interactions among many different types of body cells and cellular secretions
- non specific immunity; rapidly mobilize when there’s infection (aka)
- specific immunity; slower response at first but when there’s reinfection, it is much faster (aka)
4. ability to ward off disease thru body defenses
- all body defenses that protect the body from any kind of pathogens
- defenses (antibodies)
5. vulnerability
6. first line of body defense (2)
7. second line of body defense (2)
- Immunology
- Immune System
- Immune Response
- innate (natural immunity)
- adaptive (acquired immunity) - Resistance
- non-specific resistance
- specific resistance (immunity) - Susceptibility
- physical & chemical barriers
- cellular & molecular components
PHYSICAL BARRIERS/ MECHANICAL
Skin & Skin structures
1. specific part layer of epidermis that sloths off
- how many layers
2. these helps in secretion of substances
- such as ______
- contributes to acidity of skin; pH =
3. have flushing mechanism of tears which has lysozyme that targets the cell wall of gram positive bacteria
Mucous Membranes
1. cell that sheds that helps on bacterial removal
2. produces mucus that traps bacteria
- contains _____ & ______ (binds & sequester iron)
Skin & Skin structures
1. stratum corneum
- 15-20 layers
2. hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
- lactate acid
- 5.6
3. eyes, conjunctival epithelium
Mucous Membranes
1. mucosal cells
2. goblet cells
- lysozyme & lactoferrin
PHYSICAL BARRIERS/ MECHANICAL
- carries the microorganism away from the cell surfaces
- contains ____ that prevents the attachment of organism to mucosal membrane - covers the cell of mucus membrane or lower RT
- covers the larynx during swallowing and prevent microorganisms from entering lower RT
- cleansed by the flow of urine to prevent microbial colonization in urinalysis tract; flushing
mechanism to remove bacteria - move microorganisms out of the female body
- Salivary glands
- IgA - Nasal hairs & cilia
- Epiglottis
- Urethra
- Vaginal secretion
CHEMICAL BARRIERS
- composed of fatty acids which inhibit the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi
- present in perspiration which helps body temp.; eliminates certain waste & flush microorganism from surface of skin
- aka - contributes to the acidity
- pH of skin =
- pH of vagina = - enzyme that is intermediate for aerobic phagocytosis
- founds in the stomach that contributes to its acidity
BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS
1.
CHEMICAL BARRIERS
- Sebum
- Lysosyme
- Muramidase - Lactic acid
- 5.6
- 5 - Lactoperoxidase
- Hydrochloric acid
BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS
1. Normal flora/ Microbiota
______: if a pathogen enters the skin, it will be confronted by macrophages & other phagocytic cells which
possesses these
- 3 receptors
- TLR function as _______
- TLR recognizes _______
Microbial Sensors
- Toll-like Receptors; NOD-like Receptors; RIG-I helicase & MDA-5
- Pattern Recognition Receptor
- Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern
TLR found on cell surfaces
TLR1 =
- organism
TLR2 =
- organism
TLR4 =
- organism
TLR5 =
- organism
TLR6 =
- organism
TLR found on endosomal components
TLR3 =
- organism
TLR7 =
- organism
TLR8 =
- organism
TLR9 =
- organism
TLR10 =
- organism
TLR found on cell surfaces
TLR1 = lipopeptides
- Mycobacteria
TLR2 = peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, zymosan
- Gram-pos, Mycobacteria, Yeast
TLR4 = lipopolysaccharide, fusion proteins, mannan
- Gram-neg, RSY fungi
TLR5 = flagella
- bacteria w/ flagella
TLR6 = lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, zymosan
- Gram-pos, Mycobacteria, Yeast
TLR found on endosomal components
TLR3 = double-stranded RNA
- RNA viruses
TLR7 = single-stranded RNA
- RNA viruses
TLR8 = single-stranded RNA
- RNA viruses
TLR9 = double-stranded DNA
- DNA viruses
TLR10 = unknown
- unknown
______: flushing action of lymph fluid
- involves
Reticuloendothelial System
1. mononuclear phagocytic cells
_______: ingestion of microorganism or may particulate matter by cell phagocyte
- discovered phagocytosis
- aided by the process of _______
- major events of phagocytosis:
- result of tissue damage
- movement of cell in a certain direction towards foreign substances
- ingest foreign substances thru membrane invagination
- killing of foreign substances
Phagocytosis
- Élie Metchnikoff
- endocytosis
3.
- initiation
- chemotaxis
- engulfment
- digestion
specific steps of phagocytosis:
1. physical contact between phagocytic cell & microorganism
- plasma proteins that helps the attachment of microorganism to cell
surface
- process where it coats the microorganism
2. cytoplasm of cell will surround the microorganism
3. microorganism is completely surrrounded by cell wall
- vesicle that is formed around microorganism
4. lysosomal granule will fuse w/ phagosome
- forming ______
5. combination of phagosome & lysosome; the contents of
lysosome will empty now into phagosome
6. killing of microorganism
7. contents now will be expelled outside = Exocytosis
- adherence
- opsonins
- opsonization - engulfment
- formation of phagosome
- phagosome - granule contact
- phagolysosome - formation of phagolysosome
- digestion
- excretion
phagocytes/ phagocytic cells:
Granulocytes
1. highly phagocytic & motile;
active in initial stage of infection
- percentage
- 3 primary/ azurophilic granules:
- 3 secondary/ specific granules:
- tertiary granule
2. produce toxic proteins against certain parasites (esp. helminths)
- percentage
- formed after prolonged eosinophilic rxn
3. inducing & maintaining allergic rxns
- percentage
- contracts the smooth muscle during inflammation & allergic responses
- natural anticoagulant
- Neutrophil/ Polymorphonuclear cells
- 50-70%
- myeloperoxidase, acid hydrolase, defensin
- collagenase, lysozymes, lactoferrin
- phosphatase - Eosinophil
- 1-5%
- Charcot-Leyden Crystal - Basophils
- <1%
- histamine
- heparin
phagocytes/ phagocytic cells:
Agranulocytes
1. not actively phagocytic in blood, but when they enter the body
tissues & mature
- percentage
- w/ ______
- no ________
2. microbial killing, anti-tumor activity, intracellular parasite eradication, phagocytosis, cell
mediators secretion
- w/o _______
- Monocytes
- 4-10%
- peroxidase
- alkaline phosphatas - Macrophages
- peroxidase
phagocytes/ phagocytic cells:
Other cells:
1. covered w/ long membranous extension
- most effective ______
- most _______
classification:
- not only a macrophage, but also a dendritic cell
- found in major organs
- ______
2. resembles basophils but different lineage
- granules (3)
- lifespan
3. do not express markers of T & B cells; kill target cells w/o prior exposure
- percentage
- they bring the antigen to the surface of the cell for lymphocyte to recognize them
- no surface markers but w/ antigens (2)
- Dendritic cells
- antigen-presenting cell
- potent phagocytic cells
classification:
- langerhans cells
- interstitial dendritic cells
- interdigitating dendritic cells - Mast cells
- ACP, ALP, Protease
- 9-28 months - Natural Killer Cell/ Null Lymphocyte
- 10%
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- CD16, CD56
MACROPHAGES
1. Adipose tissue
2. Bone
3. BM/ Blood
4. CNS
5. Granuloma
6. Liver
7. Lymph nodes
8. CT
9. Peritoneal cavity
10. Peyer’s patch
11. Placenta
12. Pulmonary alveoli
13. Red pulp of spleen
14. Skin & Mucosa
15. Kidney
- Adipose tissue
macrophage - Osteoclasts
- Monocytes
- Microglia
- Epitheloid cells
- Kupffer cells
- Sinus histiocytes
- Tissue macrophages leading to giant cells
- Peritoneal macrophages
- LysoMac
- Hofbauer cells
- Alveolar macrophages
- Red pulp macrophages
- Langerhans cells
- Intraglomerular mesangial cells
