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Micro > Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What does “innate” immunity mean?

A

a mechanism of the human body that is always present.
- It is not acquired over time.
- It is the first line of defense against infection.

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2
Q

What does “non-specific” immunity mean?

A

defends against a wide variety of pathogens, not a specific pathogen.

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3
Q

What are physical barriers?

A

important role in keeping microbes out of the body.
- They prevent microbes from reaching tissues.

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4
Q

What are examples of physical barriers?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

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5
Q

What are mechanical barriers?

A

physically remove pathogens from the body.

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6
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

three layers the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

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7
Q

What does keratin in the epidermis do?

A

Keratin in the epidermis makes the skin’s surface tough. It also makes the skin resistant to dehydration caused by bacterial enzymes.

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8
Q

What do sweat glands in the skin do?

A

in the dermis prevent the growth of some microbes as they create a salty and acidic environment.

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9
Q

What do the cells in the epidermis do?

A

dead cells are constantly shed and replaced by new cells to provide a new barrier. There is constant turnover and maintenance

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10
Q

What do sebaceous glands in the skin do?

A

in the dermis; secrete sebum to help prevent microbes from invading.

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11
Q

What does mucus in the mucous membranes do?

A

mucus is secreted to cover and protect the mucous membranes
- mucus traps microbes and moves them out of the body

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12
Q

How are pathogens in mucus removed from the body?

A

leave the body through
- coughing and sneezing (mucociliary escalator)
- through feces (peristalsis)
- can be killed by the stomach acid in the stomach when swallowed.

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13
Q

What does the resident microbiota of the microbiome do?

A

prevent pathogen attachment and proliferation needed to initiate an infection
- prevent pathogenic microbes from coming into the body and invading

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14
Q

How does resident microbiota prevent infection?

A

through competition
- competition limits nutrient availability which inhibits potential pathogens from growing, preventing infection. - resident microbiota compete with pathogens for nutrients and binding sites on cells.

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15
Q

What do chemical defenses do?

A

inhibit the colonization of microbes and infection

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16
Q

What does sebum do?

A

Prevents pathogens from entering through the skin by creating an oil barrier that surrounds hair follicle pores. It protects against bacteria on the surface of the skin.

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17
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

Found in tears and mucus, it kills bacteria by destroying their cell wall.

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18
Q

What does acid do?

A

Acidic environments kill or inhibit most microbes.

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19
Q

What does urine do?

A

Its acidity inhibits the growth of microbes and pathogens. During urination, urine flushes microbes out of the body.

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20
Q

What do Lactoferrin and Transferrin do?

A

Inhibit bacterial growth by binding and sequestering iron.

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21
Q

What do antimicrobial peptides do?

A

Kill and inhibit pathogens by damaging membranes, interfering with cell-wall synthesis, or destroying DNA and RNA.

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22
Q

What are examples of plasma proteins?

A
  1. acute phase proteins
  2. complement system
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23
Q

What is the function of acute phase proteins?

A
  • They are secreted in response to inflammatory molecules.
  • They inhibit or destroy microbes.
  • They assist in the trapping and killing of pathogens and inhibit the growth of pathogens.
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24
Q

What is the function of complement?

A
  • The complement system is activated in the process of cleavage.
  • When activated, complements can serve different functions.
  • They can act as opsonins (help in phagocytosis), activate other lines of defense (inflammation), and lyse cells (membrane-attack complex).
25
Q

What are cytokines?

A

molecular messengers

26
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A
  • same cell secretes and receives the signal
  • secretes the signal and signals back on itself
27
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A
  • cytokine is secreted to a nearby cell
  • localized message
28
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A
  • cytokine is secreted out into the circulatory system and travels to distant cells
  • ex: insulin, other hormones
29
Q

What is the function of interleukins?

A

they modulate most functions of the immune system.

30
Q

What is the function of chemokines?

A

they recruit white blood cells to the area of infection, inflammation, or damage.

31
Q

What is the function of interferons?

A
  • produced and released by an infected cell to signal neighboring cells that are uninfected.
  • the neighboring cells respond by reducing protein synthesis and destroying RNA.
  • it also signals cells that are in the early infection process and tells them to undergo apoptosis.
  • interferons also activate immune cells and tell them to go to the area of infection.
32
Q

What are the inflammatory molecules?

A
  1. histamine
  2. leukotrienes
  3. prostaglandins
  4. bradykinins
33
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A

it mediates proinflammatory events.
- for instance, it promotes vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased secretion and mucus production, and contraction of smooth muscle.

34
Q

What is the function of leukotrienes?

A

they also mediate proinflammatory events, but they are stronger and last longer than histamine.
- can work with histamine to cause vomiting, diarrhea, and coughing.

35
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins?

A

promotes inflammation and can aid in increasing the body temperature leading to fever.

36
Q

What is the function of bradykinins?

A

causes edema (swelling) as it increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.

37
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

the production and differentiation of all the blood cells

38
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

erythrocytes, plasma, white blood cells, and platelets

39
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

carry oxygen to tissues in the body

40
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

responsible for the transportation of nutrients and other substances and the removal of waste products

41
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

a part of the immune response and help the body fight infection

42
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

blood clot formation and the reparation of tissue

43
Q

How does a whole blood cell count help in identifying disease?

A

can help doctors identify a disease
- these counts give an idea of what is going on in the body.
- if a count of a component of blood is lower or higher than normal, it can help doctors diagnose a medical condition.

44
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

they are phagocytic, they can destroy bacteria by ingesting them.
- they can also release enzymes from granules that help kill the bacteria.

45
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

phagocytic cells that release antihistamine, toxic proteins, and degradative enzymes.
- they fight against parasitic infections and play a part in allergic reactions. They protect against protozoa and helminths.

46
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

they are pro-inflammatory.
- important in allergic reactions and inflammation.
- when they are stimulated, they release histamine.

47
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

similar function to basophils as they promote inflammatory responses and play a role in allergic responses.
- they can migrate to various tissues.

48
Q

What is the function of NK cells?

A

use the major histocompatibility complex to recognize and destroy abnormal cells.
- they eliminate cells that present a different receptor.
- they kill the abnormal cells through apoptosis (programmed cell death).

49
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

phagocytes that engulf pathogens and apoptotic cells.

50
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells
- they promote the immune response by producing and releasing cytokines.

51
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis is the process used by white blood cells to engulf potential pathogens.
1) It begins with chemotaxis as the phagocyte moves toward its target.
2) Next, it attaches to its target and engulfs it (forms phagosome).
3) The phagosome then fuses with the lysosome to form a phagolysosome.
4) Later, the pathogen is killed or digested in the phagolysosome.
5) The final step is antigen presentation. The phagocyte presents the antigen on its surface.

52
Q

What is diapedesis/extravasation?

A

the process used by phagocytes to pass through the walls of blood vessels to reach the area of infection

53
Q

What are PAMPS?

A

structures common in pathogens that phagocytes use for recognition
Ex:
- peptidoglycan in cell walls
- flagellin: flagellar protein
- LPS
- certain nucleic acids

54
Q

What are the steps in inflammation?

A

1) It starts when cells are damaged, stressed, or when a pathogen passes through the physical barriers.
2) Cells near the area of infection will secrete cytokines and other chemical signals that travel through the bloodstream.
3) In response, the blood vessels become leaky and endothelial cells shrink up. This allows more fluid to move into the area and for diapedesis.
4) This causes swelling. An increase in blood flow also occurs. This causes the redness, heat, and pain felt in inflammation.

55
Q

What are the five signs of inflammation?

A

erythema (redness), edema (swelling), heat, pain, and altered function.

56
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

the immune system responding to try and take care of the potential infection.
- this is a positive response.

57
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

triggered when acute inflammation cannot clear the pathogen.
- chronic inflammation can cause a problem or create more damage to the body.

58
Q

What is the process of fever?

A

an immune response to infection. It results in an increased body temperature.
1) the production of pyrogens elevates body temperature and causes fever.
2) it stimulates leukocytes to kill pathogens. The rise in body temperature can inhibit the growth of many pathogens.
- the rise in body temperature can make the processes of the immune system more efficient. However, if the fever is too high, it can cause significant issues.

Micro (21 decks)

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