Immunity Flashcards
What is natural immunity?
occurs through the body’s own immune system without medical intervention
What is artificial immunity?
requires medical intervention
What is active immunity?
when an individual’s own immune system is activated; has a delayed response but gives memory
What is passive immunity?
when an individual receives antibodies from another individual or large mammal; immediate response but does not give memory
What is natural active immunity?
immunity that is gained through recovery from a disease
What is an example of natural active immunity?
Immunity that is achieved through recovering from a measles or chickenpox infection.
What is natural passive immunity?
antibodies are naturally passed from a mother to the child.
What is an example of natural passive immunity?
- The antibody IgG crosses the placenta to the fetus.
- IgA is transferred to the baby through breast milk.
What is artificial passive immunity?
an individual receives antibodies from a donor (prophylaxis or treatment).
What is an example artificial passive immunity?
- used to prevent disease after exposure to diseases such as rabies and chickenpox.
- it can also be used to treat diseases caused by bacterial toxins (tetanus or diphtheria)
- treat active infections (Ebola infections).
What is artificial active immunity?
exposure of an individual to inactivated or weakened pathogens in order to activate adaptive immunity. (through vaccination/immunization).
What is an example of artificial active immunity?
Receiving a vaccine against the influenza virus.
What is herd immunity?
when a small number of individuals in the population are susceptible to a disease. This prevents the disease from spreading effectively. Vaccination programs reduce the number of susceptible people in a population, creating herd immunity.
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
a person is exposed to a weakened strain of a pathogen
What is an advantage of a live attenuated vaccine?
It develops long-lasting immunity.
What is a disadvantage of a live attenuated vaccine?
There is a risk of reversion.
What is an inactivated vaccine?
a person is exposed to inactivated or killed whole pathogens.
What is an advantage of an inactivated vaccine?
There is no risk of developing a severe active infection
What is a disadvantage of an inactivated vaccine?
It requires higher doses and more boosters.
What is a subunit vaccine?
Only key antigens of a pathogen are used.
What is an advantage of a subunit vaccine?
There is a lower risk of side effects.
What is a disadvantage of a subunit vaccine?
It has limited longevity.
What is a toxoid vaccine?
inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids) are used.
What is an advantage of a toxoid vaccine?
humoral immunity is activated to neutralize the toxin.
What is a disadvantage of a toxoid vaccine?
it doesn’t prevent infection
What is a conjugate vaccine?
it contains a capsule polysaccharide conjugated to protein.
What is an advantage of a conjugate vaccine?
There is a T-dependent response to the capsule.
What is a disadvantage of a conjugate vaccine?
its production is costly.
What are hypersensitivities?
They are undesirable immune responses to an antigen.
What are type I hypersensitivities?
allergies
- ex: Anaphylaxis (local and systemic), seasonal hay fever, food and drug allergies.
What are type II hypersensitivities?
cytotoxic
- ex: Red blood cell destruction caused by Rh incompatibility with mother and fetus or mismatched blood types after a transfusion.
What are type IV hypersensitivities?
Type I diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis.
What are autoimmune diseases?
ones where the immune system attacks normal body cells. women are more likely to be affected by autoimmune diseases.
What are examples of autoimmune diseases?
- graves disease
- celiac disease
- type 1 diabetes mellitus
- addison disease
- lupus
- psoriasis
What are immunodeficiencies?
they are acquired or inherited disorders where parts of the immune system are either defective or missing.
What are primary (genetic) immunodeficiencies?
caused by inherited defects of the immune defenses
What are examples of primary immunodeficiencies?
- chronic granulomatous disease
- selective IgA deficiency
- severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
What are secondary (acquired) immunodeficiencies?
acquired and are caused by defective function of B or T cells or both. They can be reversible.
What are examples of secondary immunodeficiencies?
HIV/AIDS
