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Micro > Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

the study of the spread of disease. Where diseases occur, when they occur, and how they are transmitted within a population.

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2
Q

What is etiology?

A

the study of the causes of disease

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3
Q

What is morbidity?

A

the state of having a disease/being diseased

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4
Q

How is morbidity expressed in a population?

A

The morbidity rate is used to express morbidity in a population. It is demonstrated by the number of people with the disease out of the number of people in a population.

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5
Q

What is mortality?

A

death from a disease

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6
Q

How is mortality expressed in a population?

A

It is expressed by the mortality rate in a population. It is the percentage of a population that died from a disease.

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7
Q

What is incidence?

A

the number of new cases of a disease

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8
Q

What is prevalence?

A

the number of total cases of a disease

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9
Q

What is a sporadic disease?

A

these are diseases that are only seen occasionally. They do not occur in a certain area; they seem to appear in different places.

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10
Q

What are examples of sporadic diseases?

A

tetanus, plaque, rabies

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11
Q

What is an endemic disease?

A

Diseases that are present constantly in a population. These diseases are often present at a low level. These diseases also appear in a certain region.

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12
Q

What are examples of endemic diseases?

A

Malaria in Brazil

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13
Q

What is an epidemic disease?

A

Diseases where there is a sudden rise in the number of cases. These diseases are more localized, but they can also occur on a larger scale. For example, in a certain state or country.

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14
Q

What are examples of epidemic diseases?

A

influenza

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15
Q

What is a pandemic disease?

A

Diseases where cases suddenly rise on a worldwide scale. The disease occurs across continents.

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16
Q

What are examples of pandemic diseases?

A

COVID-19, HIV/AIDS

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17
Q

List the levels of public health organizations from local/state to national and international and their roles in tracking diseases.

A

Local/state public health organizations are in charge of providing immunizations, health education, and control and report infectious diseases. National public health organizations are responsible for protecting the public from injury and disease. They monitor diseases that are of public health importance. Examples are the CDC and NNDSS. International public health organizations are responsible for international responses to emergencies like disease outbreaks. An example is the World Health Organization.

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18
Q

What are notifiable diseases?

A

Notifiable diseases are those where all cases need to be reported to public health agencies. They can be regional, state, or federal public health agencies. The report is legally required.

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19
Q

What does MMWR stand for?

A

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

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20
Q

What is MMWR?

A

This report provides the latest data about notifiable diseases. It also contains updates on public health issues. This informs health-care providers and the public about possible risks.

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21
Q

What is common source spread?

A

when every infection is caused by a single source

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22
Q

What is an example of common source spread?

A

cholera outbreak in London in 1854. In this case, the single source was the contaminated well below the Broad Street pump

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23
Q

What is propagated spread?

A

happens through person-to-person contact. It can be directly or indirectly. Infected individuals are the source of the spread of infections

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24
Q

What are examples of propagated spread?

A

influenza and COVID-19.

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25
Q

What are the contributions to epidemiology of John Snow?

A

He found the source of the cholera epidemic in London. He suspected that contaminated water was the cause of the epidemic and found the source of the contaminated water. He did this by mapping out the incidence of cholera. Through his research, he was able to contain the cholera epidemic. His case-tracking methods are common practice now. He conducted the first epidemiological study.

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26
Q

What are the contributions to epidemiology of Florence Nightingale?

A

Her recordkeeping became an essential task in epidemiology. When she worked as a nurse, she would keep very detailed records of the causes of illness and death in soldiers.

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27
Q

What are the contributions to epidemiology of Joseph Lister?

A

He used carbolic acid for disinfection during surgeries. He made surgeons he worked with use carbolic acid to clean their tools between patients. His disinfection protocols helped lower the rate of post-surgical infections.

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28
Q

What is a retrospective study?

A

Data is gathered from cases from the past to the present. The data includes age, occupational history, medical history, and gender of the affected people.

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29
Q

What is the advantage of a retrospective study?

A

It investigates associations between factors that are available to the researcher or chosen that the occurrence of the disease.

30
Q

What is a prospective study?

A

Follows individuals and monitors their disease states throughout the study. It gathers data on their environments and the characteristics of the study. This study allows the comparison of individuals that get ill and individuals who do not.

31
Q

What is the advantage of a prospective study?

A

Researchers can look for associations between the variables measured and the disease state of the individual. This helps researchers find possible causes of a disease.

32
Q

What is a cohort method study?

A

Groups of people who share a certain characteristic are studied. Outcomes of the disease are recorded and analyzed. This is done to try to find correlations between certain characteristics of individuals and the incidence of the disease. (Can be studied prospectively or retrospectively)

33
Q

What is the advantage of a cohort method study?

A

It is a useful way to find the causes of a disease or condition without exposing a subject to a risk factor.

34
Q

What is a case-control study?

A

A group of people with a disease is compared to a similar group of people without the disease. (Usually studied retrospectively)

35
Q

What is the advantage of a case-control study?

A

It is more efficient than cohort studies. Researchers can choose subjects who are already have the disease. They do not have to wait to see if a subject will get the disease.

36
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

Randomly selected individuals in a population are chosen. In a single point in time, individuals with the disease are compared to those who are unaffected. They are compared to look for connections between the disease and certain measurable variables.

37
Q

What is the advantage of a cross-sectional study?

A

Useful in finding the prevalence of a condition.

38
Q

What is a reservoir of disease?

A

A site where a pathogen can survive. It can be living or non-living.

39
Q

What are some examples of living reservoirs? Give several examples of diseases that use these as reservoirs?

A

Examples of living reservoirs are humans and animals. Examples of diseases that use these as reservoirs are chicken pox, toxoplasmosis, nipah virus.

40
Q

What are some examples of nonliving reservoirs? Give several examples of diseases that use these as reservoirs?

A

Examples of nonliving reservoirs are soil, food, and water. Examples of diseases that use these as reservoirs are Clostridium tetani and influenza.

41
Q

What is a carrier?

A

A carrier is an individual that can transmit a pathogen without showing any symptoms.

42
Q

What is a passive carrier?

A

someone who is not infected but is contaminated with the pathogen and can transmit it.

43
Q

What is an active carrier?

A

an infected person who can transmit the disease. They are ill with the disease and show signs and symptoms

44
Q

What is an asymptomatic carrier?

A

active carriers that are infected, but they do not show signs or symptoms

45
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

A definitive host is one where the parasite attains sexual maturity and can reproduce sexually.

46
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

Before going to a definitive host, a parasite goes to an intermediate host. An intermediate host is one where a parasite goes through some of the stages of its life cycle.

47
Q

What are the contact modes of transmission?

A
  1. direct
  2. indirect
  3. droplet
48
Q

What is direct contact transmission?

A

Person to person transmission of a disease. Diseases that can be transmitted through physical contact between two people.

49
Q

What is sexual contact transmission?

A

diseases can be passed through sexual activity.
- For example, chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, Herpes.

50
Q

What is zoonoses transmission?

A

diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans.
- For instance, Lyme disease and Chagas disease.

51
Q

What is indirect contact transmission?

A

An inanimate object becomes contaminated by pathogens of the disease and transmits it.

52
Q

What is an example of indirect contact transmission?

A

Person with common cold coughing and droplets land on a doorknob. Then another person touches the doorknob and later wipes their nose.

53
Q

What is a fomite?

A

An inanimate object involved in the process of transmission.

54
Q

What is droplet transmission?

A

Droplets of a cough or sneeze that could contain pathogens are ejected to infect a new host within six feet range.

55
Q

What are examples of droplet transmission?

A

Influenza, many forms of pneumonia can be transmitted this way.

56
Q

What is vehicle transmission?

A

Transmission of a disease through an object that moves the pathogen to the next person. Examples of vehicles are food, air, and water.

57
Q

What are the vehicle transmissions?

A

airborne, waterborne, and foodborne

58
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

Aerosols (dust and fine particles) in the air can carry pathogens transmit a disease. Diseases can be aerosolized for relatively long periods of time. They travel at distances greater than six feet.

59
Q

What are examples of airborne transmission?

A

Ex: Hantavirus is transmitted via dust particles to humans. When inhaled, it can lead to serious to fatal infections.
Ex: Mycobacterium tuberculosis when someone coughs.

60
Q

What is waterborne transmission?

A

Diseases transmitted from water contamination caused by poor sanitation methods.

61
Q

What are examples of waterborne transmission?

A

Cholera, giardia, and polio.

62
Q

What is foodborne tranmission?

A

Transmission of a disease caused by the pathogens from coughs or sneezes that enter food.

63
Q

What are examples of foodborne transmission?

A

Giardiasis and listeriosis.

64
Q

What is vector transmission?

A

An animal that carries a disease from one host to another host.

65
Q

What are the vector transmissions?

A

mechanical and biological

66
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

An animal that is not infected carries a pathogen from one host to another.
Ex: A fly lands on fecal matter and later lands on food, a person eating the food can become infected.

67
Q

What is a biological vector?

A

An animal that is infected with a pathogen transmits the pathogen from one host to another.
Ex: Hemipterans transmit Chagas disease to people by defecating when they bite. When a person scratches or rubs the infected feces into a mucous membrane or breaks in the skin, they get infected.
Ex: Mosquitos that transmit malaria, ticks that transmit Lyme disease.

68
Q

Explain what HAI stands for and reasons for their spread.

A

Healthcare-Associated (nosocomial) Infections. They are infections that are transmitted in healthcare settings. Reasons for their spread are contaminated surgical or medical equipment, catheters, respiratory ventilators.

69
Q

What is an emerging disease?

A

Emerging infectious diseases are those that are new to the human population and have not been seen before.
- Examples of emerging infectious diseases are Ebola and COVID-19.

70
Q

What is a re-emerging disease?

A

those where outbreaks have occurred and there are spikes in cases every once in a while.
- Examples are drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, and malaria.

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