Initial Management And Clinical Investigation Of Neonatal Disease (Ruminants) p286-301 Flashcards
Which immunoglobulin is present in the highest quantity in cattle colostrum?
A) IgA
B) IgM
C) IgG1
D) IgG2
C) IgG1 accounts for 80% of whey protein at calving
List some important components of cattle colostrum.
Hormones (GH, relaxin, prolactin, insulin and glucagon) Essential fatty acids and amino acids Minerals Trace elements and pre-vitamins Cytokines and growth factors Leukocytes Lactoferrin
Why is lactoferrin important in cattle colostrum?
Lactoferrin is a potent antimicrobial in the milk cistern and the alimentary tract of a neonate
It also plays an important role, with IgF1 and other bio active substances, on maturation of the GI tract
- stimulation of mucosal and submucosal growth
- brush-border enzymes
- intestinal DNA synthesis
- increased duodenal villus size
- apoptosis
- protein synthesis and degradation
- digestion and absorption
When does optimal transfer of immunoglobulin occur in the calf?
2 hours after parturition, when 7.5%-10% of body weight of calf in kgs of colostrum has been consumed, with an additional 5% 12 hours later.
When are calves considered to have failure of transfer of passive immunity?
When serum IgG concentration is less than 1000 mg/dL (10 mg/mL), sampled between 24-48 hours.
When does colostral quality start to decline in cattle?
It has been found to decline 8-9 hours after calving, despite having been milked or not. Meaning this decline in quality is not due to dilution. It is possible that after parturition, transcytosis of IgG1 ceases, and begins to be passively resorbed.
How do environmental temperatures affect colostrum quality?
Studies have shown in dairy cattle an increase in colostral IgG concentrations in the summer, but at extremes, heifers exposed to heat stress had decreased colostral IgG concentrations.
Match the species with where along the GI immunoglobins are absorbed. Some answers may not be used
Calves, Lambs, Kids
A) The entire length of the SI
B) Majority in the jejunum
C) Only in the ileum
D) Duodenum and jejunum
A) Calves
B) Lambs, Kids
Which is the primary immunoglobulin that provides protection to the neonate during the first few days of life?
A) IgG1
B) IgG2
C) IgM
D) IgA
C) IgM
When harvesting colostrum and then storing it, what are some ways to ensure quality is maintained? Think of in regards of pooling, when to refrigerate and pasteurization methods.
If pooling colostrum, evaluate the batches with the Brix and eliminate low quality.
Refrigerate samples no more than 2 days after collection.
Pasteurize small batches (57L) at 67*C or less to cause minimal Ig concentration loss.
How do gut-active carbs added to colostrum at a rate of 5 g/L enhance IgG uptake?
While the exact mechanism has not been elucidated, it has been shown that gut-active carbs adsorb pathogens that express type 1 fimbriae, reducing their ability to colonize in the GI
What are ways to measure successful passive transfer in calves?
RID - not usually run, but this is gold standard; looking for 1000 mg/dL
Sodium sulfite or zinc sulfate turbidity tests
GGT levels measured at 24 hours can indicate ingestion of colostrum, as levels increase rapidly and then fall. But adequate passive transfer cannot be determined.
Total protein - target of greater than 5.5 g/dL
When does transition to ruminal digestion occur in calves?
3-4 weeks of age
If a Holstein calf was born with growth retardation, vertebral malformations, bilateral symmetric arthrogryposis affecting the carpal and MC joints, what condition must be considered?
Holstein genetic condition associated with a mutation in the gene SLC35A, coding a uridine-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine transporter
