Alterations In Urinary Function P153-160 Flashcards
Define dysuria, stranguria and incontinence.
Dysuria - difficult or painful urination Stranguria - straining to urinate, with normal rate of voiding Incontinence - involuntary voiding of urine, indicating impaired neuromuscular control of urination
With a history of one or more horses, having clinical signs of spinal cord dz, resp dz, stranguria or urinary incontinence, what differential should be at the top?
Equine herpesvirus-1 myelitis
Is the clinical signs of this animal caused by an UMN or a LMN problem? Frequently posturing, stranguria, voids small amounts of urine
UMN
Are the clinical signs of this animal caused by an UMN or LMN lesion? Urinary incontinence, bladder expressed easily if compressed, decreased anal or tail tone, atrophy of the gluteal or tail head musculature
LMN
How is pigmaturia classified?
Need to centrifuge sample. Hematuria is a red, pink, brown urine sample that clears after centrifugation. The pellet at the bottom will be pigmented. Hemoglobinuria sample does not clear after centrifuged. Myoglobinuria may have clear urine, but if pigmented, will not clear after centrifuged. Must use additional diagnostics, such as biochemistry, to help diagnose.
What are some differentials for hematuria?
Cantharidin toxicity, erosions in the urinary tract after exercise, bracken fern, neoplasia, NSAID toxicity, urolithiasis, UTI
What are some differentials for hemoglobinuria?
Hemolytic toxins eg. red maple leaves, copper, onions, bacterial hemolysin, DMSO, Clostridium hemolyticum,
What are some differentials for myoglobinuria?
Clostridial myonecrosis, compartmental syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, muscle trauma
What are causes of pyuria?
Exudate from the repro tract, ectopic ureter, leptospirosis, nephritis, urinary calculi All leading to inflammatory cells and debris in the urine
What confirms the presence of pyuria?
Presence of more than 10 WBC per high-power microscopic. If a bacterial infection is the cause, typically see more than 20 organisms/HPF.
What should bacterial counts be greater than, if a free catch sample is cultured? Considering the likelihood of contamination by the prepuce and the vulva…
Bacterial counts should be greater than 1 x 10^4 bacteria/mL of urine. Normal male and female horses have fewer than 20,000 CFU/mL on free catch and fewer than 500 CFUs/mL on a catheterized sample.
When does pyuria coincide with systemic illness?
Inflammation of the urethra and bladder usually have minimal to no signs of systemic dz. If pyuria originates from the ureters and kidneys, the animal is persistently or intermittently febrile and can be systemically ill.
What range of USG is considered isosthenuric?
1.008 - 1.014
Match the urine production per day with the correct species: Horse Cattle Sheep and goats A) 3-18 mL/kg/day B) 10-40 mL/kg/day C) 17-45 mL/kg/day
A) Horses B) Sheep and goats C) Cattle
What is uremia?
The failure to excrete waste products from the body via urine, causing a host of clinical signs, impaired metabolic processes and alterations in the function of multiple organs. Most typical clinical sign of uremia in large animals is depression and anorexia.
