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Biology GCSE > Inheritance, Variation and Evolution > Flashcards

Inheritance, Variation and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is all the genetic material in a cell made up of?

A

DNA

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2
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

Coded information

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3
Q

What does DNA determine?

A

The inherited characteristics

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4
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus of plant and animal cells

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5
Q

What normally comes in pairs?

A

Chrmosomes

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6
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

2 strands (of nucleotides) coiled together in the shape of a double helix

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7
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA found on a chromosome

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8
Q

What does each gene code for?

A

A particular sequence of amino acids

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9
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

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10
Q

Different combinations of _____ ____ are used to make different ______

A

Amino acids

Protein

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11
Q

How does the DNA determine what kind of cell it is?

A

It determines what proteins the cell produces, determining what kind of cell it is

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12
Q

What is a genome?

A

An entire set of genetic material in an organism

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13
Q

What is the sex of someone determined by?

A

Their sex chromosomes

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14
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humams have?

A

23

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15
Q

What is the sex chromosome for males?

A

XY

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16
Q

What is the sex chromosome for females?

A

XX

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17
Q

What is the monomer that makes up DNA called?

A

Nucleotides

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18
Q

What do nucleotides join together to form?

A

Polynulceotides

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19
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

A phosphate

A sugar A base

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20
Q

How many different bases are there?

A

4

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21
Q

What are the different bases?

A

A, T, C, G

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22
Q

What does the order of bases in a gene decide?

A

The order of amino acids

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23
Q

How many bases code for an amino acid?

A

A sequence of 3 bases

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24
Q

What are the base links?

A

A-T

C-G

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25
Q

What do amino acids join to make?

A

Proteins

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26
Q

What do parts of DNA that don’t code for proteins control?

A

Whether or not a gene is expressed - used to make a protein

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27
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

The gene in the DNA is ‘copied’ into a molecule of RNA called mRNA

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28
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

It acts as a messenger between the DNA and ribosomes - carries the code between the 2

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29
Q

What happens during translocation?

A

The mRNA attaches to the ribosome and the ribosome reads 3 bases at a time. Carrier molecules bring the correct amino acids and they are attached to the amino acid chain

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30
Q

During translocation, what is the order of amino acids in the polypeptide determined by?

A

By the mRNA code

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31
Q

What happens when the protein is completed, has been coded for?

A

It fold into a unique shape

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32
Q

What is special about the shape of a protein?

A

It allows the protein to carry out a specific function

33
Q

What are examples of proteins?

A

Enzymes, hormones, structural proteins

34
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in an organism’s DNA - the sequence of DNA bases in a gene

35
Q

What happens because of mutations?

A

The change in genes could mean a different amino acid is coded for, meaning the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein changes. This could potentially lead to changed in the protein (from it folding incorrectly)

36
Q

What can mutations in a non-coding gene cause?

A

It may alter gene expression, leading to a gene being turned on or off

37
Q

What is insertion?

A

When a new base is inserted into the DNA base sequence

38
Q

What can happen because of an insertion?

A

It changes the way groups of 3 bases are read, potentially changing the amino acid it codes for
They could change more than 1 amino acid as they have a knock-on effect further on the sequence

39
Q

What is deletion?

A

When a random base is deleted from the DNA base sequence

40
Q

What can happen because of a deletion?

A

It changes the way groups of 3 bases are read, potentially changing the amino acid it codes for
They could change more than 1 amino acid as they have a knock-on effect further on the sequence

41
Q

What is substitution?

A

When a random base in the DNA sequence is changed to a different base

42
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Where genetic information from 2 organisms is combines to produce unique offspring which are genetically different to each parent

43
Q

Through what process are gametes formed?

A

Meiosis

44
Q

How many chromosomes does each gamete in humans contain?

A

23 - haploid

45
Q

How does the egg and sperm cell form a cell with the full number of chromosomes?

A

They fuse together - fertilisation

46
Q

What does having 2 parents mean to the offspring’s genes?

A

The offspring contains a mixture of the parent’s genes

47
Q

What does a mixture of genetic variation allow in the offspirng?

A

Variation

48
Q

Why is variation important?

A

Because it prevents a disease prom wiping out a population, gives a survival advantage, allows for evolution and adaptations

49
Q

Why is adaptation important?

A

Because individuals with characteristics that make them better adapted to the environment have a better chance of survival

50
Q

__________ _______ can be used to speed up __________ selection

A

Selective breeding

Natural

51
Q

What does natural selection allow us to do?

A

Produce animals with desirable characteristics

52
Q

What are disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

It is a slow process

You need 2 of the species

53
Q

What are advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Allows variation in offspring

Allows for natural selection

54
Q

How many parents are needed in asexual reproduction?

A

1

55
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction with 1 parent, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical

56
Q

How does asexual reproduction happen?

A

By mitosis

57
Q

What are the daughter cells like during mitosis?

A

A clone of the parent cell - same genetic information

58
Q

Why does asexual reproduction use less energy than sexual reproduction?

A

Because the organisms don’t have to find a mate during asexual reproduction

59
Q

What is faster: asexual or sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual

60
Q

What is produced by meiosis?

A

Gametes

61
Q

Before the cell divides what happens, during meiosis?

A

It duplicates genetic info - 2 armed chromosomes

62
Q

Describe meiosis:

A

Duplicates the genetic info
Lines up in pairs at centre of cell
During first division, pairs separated - a mix of chromosomes go into new 2 cells
During second division, chromosomes line up the centre and the arms are pulled apart

63
Q

How many gametes are formed by meiosis?

A

4

64
Q

Are gametes formed by meiosis genetically identical?

A

No

65
Q

Why are gametes formed by meiosis not identical?

A

Because all the chromosomes get mixed up during meiosis

66
Q

What cells go through mitosis?

A

Body cells

67
Q

How many daughter cells are formed by mitosis?

A

2

68
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the daughter cells in humans by mitosis?

A

46

69
Q

Are daughter cells of mitosis genetically identical?

A

Yes - they are clones

70
Q

When do human cells go through mitosis?

A

In an embryo to produce lots of new cells

71
Q

Is cystic fibrosis dominant or recessive?

A

Recessive

72
Q

Is polydactyly dominant or recessive?

A

Dominant

73
Q

What can embryos be screened for before they are implantes?

A

Genetic disorders

74
Q

For Embryonic Screening:

A

It helps stop people suffering
Treating disorders costs the government a lot of money
There are laws to prevent it from going too far

75
Q

Against Embryonic Screening:

A

Implies people with disorders are ‘undesirable’
Everyone will want to screen their embryos to choose their favourite
Screening is expensive

76
Q

What causes variation?

A

Combining genes from 2 parents

77
Q

What causes environmental variation?

A

Conditions that organisms live and grow in

78
Q

What happens when the environment changes?

A

An individual becomes more suited to the new environment by mutations occurring and this change becomes common through natural selection

79
Q

What do mutations result in?

A

A new phenotype being seen in species

Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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