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Biology GCSE > Infection & Disease > Flashcards

Infection & Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that enter your body and cause disease

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2
Q

What are types of pathogens?

A

Fungi, bacteria, viruses and protists

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3
Q

What type of cells are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic, single-celled

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4
Q

What is meant be a cell being Prokaryotic?

A

It has no nucleus

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5
Q

Can bacteria reproduce rapidly inside the body?

A

Yes

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6
Q

How does bacteria make you feel ill?

A

They release toxins that damage your cells and tissues

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7
Q

What do viruses need a host for?

A

Reproduction and survival

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8
Q

How do viruses work?

A

They live inside cells and replicate themselves using the cells’ machinery and directing it to make copies of the virus

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9
Q

What happens when a cells has a lot of viruses?

A

It bursts, releasing all the new viruses

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10
Q

What about viruses make you feel ill?

A

The damage caused when the cell bursts

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11
Q

What are protists?

A

Single-celled eukaryotes

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12
Q

What are parasites?

A

Organisms that live on or inside other organisms and can cause them damage

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13
Q

How are parasites often transferred?

A

By vectors

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14
Q

Do vectors get the disease itslef?

A

No

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15
Q

What environment do protists prefer?

A

Aquatic or moist

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16
Q

How does fungi get food?

A

By decomposing matter or eating off their hosts

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17
Q

What do some fungi have their body made up of?

A

Hyphae

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18
Q

What does hyphae do?

A

Grow and penetrate skin and the surface of plants causing disease
Produce spores to spread to other plants/animals

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19
Q

What are some ways diseases can be spread?

A 
Contaminated water
Air (droplet infection)
Direct contact
Break in the skin
Animal vectors
Contaminated food
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20
Q

What are some viral diseases?

A

Measles
HIV
TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)

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21
Q

How is measles spread?

A

By droplets in the air, from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

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22
Q

What are some symptoms of measles?

A

Red skin rash

Fever (high temp)

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23
Q

Can measles be serious?

A

Yes, if there are complications

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24
Q

How is measles prevented?

A

Most people get vaccinated when they are young

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25
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

By sexual contact or by exchanging bodily fluids e.g. sharing needles

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26
Q

What are some symptoms of HIV?

A

Flu-like symptoms for a few weeks

No other symptoms for years

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27
Q

How can HIV be controlled

A

With antiretroviral drugs - stop it replicating in the body

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28
Q

What does the virus do when you have HIV?

A

It attacks the immune system

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29
Q

What is the last stage of HIV?

A

AIDS

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30
Q

What has happened when someone has AIDS?

A

They can’t defend themselves or cope with other infection or cancers because the immune system is so damaged

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31
Q

What does TMV affect?

A

Species of plants

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32
Q

What does TMV cause?

A

A mosaic patter on the leaves of the plant - parts become discoloured

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33
Q

Why does the discolouration of the plant mean?

A

That the plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well, affecting it’s growth

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34
Q

What is an example of fungal disease?

A

Rose Black Spot

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35
Q

What does Rose Black Spot cause?

A

Purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants

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36
Q

What can happen to the leaves because of Rose Black Spot?

A

They can turn yellow and drop off

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37
Q

What does leaves dropping off mean?

A

That less photosynthesis can take place, meaning the plant doesn’t grow as well

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38
Q

How does Rose Black Spot spread?

A

Through the environment in water or by the wind

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39
Q

How can Rose Black Spot be treated?

A

By using fungicides and stripping the plant of affected leaves, which then need to be destroyed so that they can’t spread to other rose plants

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40
Q

What pathogen causes measels?

A

Virus

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41
Q

What pathogen causes HIV?

A

Virus

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42
Q

What pathogen causes TMV?

A

Virus

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43
Q

What pathogen causes Rose Black Spot?

A

Fungi

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44
Q

What pathogen causes Malaria?

A

Protist

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45
Q

What pathogen causes Salmonella?

A

Bacteria

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46
Q

What pathogen causes Gonorrhoea?

A

Bacteria

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47
Q

What is a disease caused by a protist?

A

Malaria

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48
Q

What is the vector for Malaria?

A

Mosquito

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49
Q

How do mosquitos spread Malaria?

A

They pick up the protist when they feed on an infected animal and every time the mosquito feeds on another animal, it infects it by inserting the protist into the animal’s blood vessels

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50
Q

What does Malaria cause?

A

Repeating episodes of fever

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51
Q

How can the spread of Malaria be reduced?

A

By stopping the mosquitos from breeding

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52
Q

How can people protect themselves from mosquitos?

A

By using insecticides and mosquito nets

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53
Q

What does Salmonella cause?

A

It causes food poisoning

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54
Q

What are symptoms of Salmonella?

A

Fever, Stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea

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55
Q

What are symptoms caused by for Salmonella?

A

Toxins that are produced by bacteria

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56
Q

How can you get Salmonella?

A

By eating food that has been contaminated with Salmonella bacteria
By eating food that has been contaminated by being prepared in unhygienic conditions

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57
Q

How is the spread of Salmonella controlled?

A

Most poultry is given a vaccination against salmonella

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58
Q

What is Gonorrhoea?

A

It’s a sexually transmitted disease

59
Q

What are symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

Causes pain when urinating

Thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina/penis

60
Q

How is Gonorrhoea treated?

A

By an antibiotic called penicillin

61
Q

What is the problem with Gonorrhoea and penicillin?

A

Strains of the bacteria are becoming resistent?

62
Q

How can you prevent Gonorrhoea?

A

By using barrier methods of contraception e.g. condoms

63
Q

How can the spread of diseases be reduced?

A 
By being hygienic 
Destroying vectors
Quarantine - isolating infected individuals
Vaccination
Clean Water + Food Hygiene
64
Q

How does the skin defend the body?

A

It acts as a barrier to pathogens

Secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens

65
Q

How does the hairs and mucus in the nose protect the body?

A

The mucus traps particles that could contain pathogens

66
Q

How does the trachea and bronchi protect the body from microbes?

A

It secretes mucus to trap pathogens

The bronchi is lined with cilia - they waft the mucus up to the back of the throat to be swallowed

67
Q

What do microbes have on its surface?

A

Antigens

68
Q

Antigens are ______ to each _______

A

Unique

Microbe

69
Q

Why does the body attack microbes?

A

Because they recognise it as foreign because of the antigens

70
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

They engulf foreign cells and digest them

71
Q

What do lymphocytes produce?

A

Antitoxins and antibodies

72
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

They lock onto invading cells so they can be found and recognised by other white cells
They clump the pathogens together so they can easily be engulfed

73
Q

Antibodies are specific to an _______

A

Antigen

74
Q

What happens if someone is infected with the same pathogen again?

A

The white blood cells rapidly reproduce the antibodies to kill it

75
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

They neutralise toxins produced by invading bacteria

76
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

They remember which antibody to produce when infected by a particular pathogen

77
Q

What is injected in vaccinations?

A

Dead or weakened (inactive) pathogens that carry antigens

78
Q

What do white blood cells do when injected with a vaccination?

A

They produce antibodies for this antigen, even though it is harmless

79
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Inject harmless microbe
Body produces antibodies against antigens
Memory cells remember the antibodies needed to fight this pathogen
If infected with same pathogen, body knows how to fight it - immune

80
Q

What is meant by immunisation?

A

The process by which memory cells are made against a pathogen so body’s immune system can quickly destroy it when infected

81
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When enough population are vaccinated that those who can’t be vaccinated due to age/allergies etc. are protected

82
Q

Differences between primary response (vaccination) and secondary response (infection):

A

Primary: concentration rises gradually, peaks after a while, less produced, long time
Secondary: concentration rises quickly, more intense response, a lot produced, short amount of time, antibody concentration remains high for a long period of time and take longer to decrease

83
Q

Pros of vaccines:

A 
Help control communicable diseases that used to be common
Big outbreaks (epidemics) can be prevented if a large number vaccinated
84
Q

Cons of vaccines:

A

Don’t always work

Someone can have a bad reaction to a vaccine

85
Q

What are painkillers? What do they do?

A

They are drugs that relieve pain and the symptoms, but don’t affect the pathogens

86
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

They are drugs that kill the bacteria causing the problem without killing any of the body cells

87
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

They interfere with the bacteria’s life cycle - the cell wall (animal cells don’t have them)

88
Q

Why are there no drugs for viruses?

A

Because viruses reproduce using the body cells, meaning it’s difficult to develop drugs that only destroy viruses without killing body cells

89
Q

Why are some bacteria resistant to antibiotics?

A

because they mutate

90
Q

How do bacteria become antibiotic resistant?

A

When infection treated by antibiotics, it will kill the non-resistant strains of bacteria but some of the bacteria that is naturally resistant will survive and reproduce

91
Q

What is an example of disease that is resistant to antibiotic?

A

MRSA - resistant to methicillin

92
Q

3 ways we can slow the rate if development of resistant strains:

A
  • Finish the whole course of antibiotics prescribed
  • Only take antibiotics when needed
  • Continue developing new antibiotics
93
Q

What chemicals can be used in drugs?

A

Chemicals produced by plants to defend themselves against pests and pathogens

94
Q

What is aspirin?

A

A painkiller

95
Q

What is aspirin developed from?

A

A chemical found in willow

96
Q

What is digitalis?

A

A drug that treats heart killers

97
Q

What is digitalis developed from?

A

Chemicals found in foxgloves

98
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Flemming

99
Q

How was penicillin discovered?

A

An area free of bacteria was seen around a mould on a petri dish containing bacteria. The mould was producing a substance that killed the bacteria

100
Q

What are new drugs tested for?

A

Toxicity
Efficiency
Dosage

101
Q

What happens during the first stage of testing drugs?

A

Drugs are tested on human cell, tissues and organs in the lab

102
Q

Why do many drugs fail the first stage of testing?

A

Because they damage the cells

103
Q

What happens during the second stage of testing drugs?

A

Drugs are tested on animals and mammals similar to humans

104
Q

Why is animal testing continued for a long time?

A

To make sure the drug is still effective and stays safe - to look for side effects after long-term use

105
Q

What happens during the third stage of testing drugs?

A

It is tested on healthy volunteers to make sure it doesn’t have any harmful side effects

106
Q

How big is the dose given to healthy volunteers during testing?

A

Low doses at first and gradually increased to see how much is safe to give

107
Q

What happens after the drug is tested on healthy volunteers?

A

The drug is tested on people suffering from the illness to see if it works and if it is effectiive

108
Q

What is the optimum dose?

A

The dose that is most effective with the least side effects

109
Q

How is a drug usually tested on patients?

A

Patients are split into 2 groups - 1 group is given the drug and the other is given a placebo
To see the difference the drug makes

110
Q

Why are results of drug testing peer reviewed?

A

To prevent false claims

111
Q

Why are drugs monitored after being prescribed?

A

To check their long-term affects

To find contra-indications - what not to have while taking this drug to reduce the danger

112
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Something given to the control group, looks like real treatment but has no drug

113
Q

What is a control group (in testing)?

A

The group of people that aren’t given the new drug

114
Q

What is meant by an open trail?

A

Both the doctor and patient know if the patient is in the control group or not

115
Q

What is meant by an double blind trail?

A

Neither the doctor and patient know if the patient is in the control group or not

116
Q

What is meant by an blind trail?

A

The doctor knows if the patient is in the control group or not, but the patient does not

117
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?

A

Clones of a single white blood cell - all antibodies are identical and will only target and bind to one specific antigen

118
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

A mouse is injected with the antigen and this stimulates mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody

119
Q

How is a hybridoma cell made?

A

A mouse lymphocyte is fused with a tumour cell

120
Q

What is the benefit of hybridoma cells?

A

They divide lots and can be grown very easily

121
Q

A large amount of _______ can be ________ and ________

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies
Collected
Purified

122
Q

What hormone is found in the urine of pregnant women?

A

HCG

123
Q

What are the (4) uses of Monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • Pregnancy tests
  • Measure levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood, or to detect pathogens
  • In research, to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding them to fluorescent dye
  • To treat some diseases
124
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer?

A

Monoclonal antibodies that bind to tumour markers (antigens on cancer cells’ cell membrane) can be made
An anti-cancer drug (a radioactive substance or toxic drug/chemical) can be attached to the antibodies to stop cancer cells growing and dividing

125
Q

What is the problem of monoclonal antibodies?

A

It causes more side effects than expected

126
Q

What happens on the test strip if you are pregnant?

A

The hormone binds to the antibodies on the the blue beads
The urine moves up the stick, carrying the hormone and beads
The beads and hormones bind to the antibodies on the strip
Blue beads get stuck on test strip, turning it blue

127
Q

What happens on the test strip if you aren’t pregnant?

A

The urine moves up the stick carrying the blue beads but there is nothing to stick the blue beads to the test strip, so it doesn’t go blue

128
Q

Plants need ______ ___. If they don’t have enough they suffer ________ problems

A

Mineral ions

Deficiency

129
Q

Why do plants need nitrate?

A

To make amino acids, that are used in protein synthesis, which is needed for growth

130
Q

What does a lack of nitrate cause for plants?

A

Stunted growth

131
Q

Why do plants need magnesium?

A

To make chlorophyll, which is needed for photosynthesis

132
Q

What does a lack of magnesium cause for plants?

A

Chlorosis - to have yellow leaves

133
Q

What are common signs of disease for plants?

A 
Stunted growth
Patches of decay
Malformed stems or leaves
Spots on the leaves
Abnormal growths
Discolouration
134
Q

What do most plant leaves and stems have as a physical defence from pathogens/insects?

A

A waxy cuticle

135
Q

What does a waxy cuticle do?

A

It acts as a barrier to stop pathogens entering

136
Q

What are plant cell walls made of?

A

Cellulose

137
Q

How does the cell wall protect plants from pathogens/insects?

A

It acts as a physical barrier against pathogens that make it past the cuticle

138
Q

How do layers of dead cells around the stems protect plants?

A

It acts as a barrier to stop pathogens from entering

139
Q

What chemical defences do plants produce to protect themselves?

A

Antibacterial chemicals

Poisons

140
Q

How do antibacterial chemicals protect plants?

A

They kill bactria

141
Q

How are poisons effective in protecting plants?

A

They deter herbivores

142
Q

How do thorns and hairs protect plants?

A

They stop animals from touching and eating the plants

143
Q

How do leaves curling or drooping when touched protect plants?

A

It prevents them from being eaten by knocking insects off them and moving away from things

Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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