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Biology GCSE > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormone is produced in males to start puberty?

A

Testosterone

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2
Q

What hormone is produced in females to start puberty?

A

Oestrogen

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3
Q

What 4 hormones is the menstrual cycle controlled by?

A

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
Oestrogen
Progesterone
LH (Luteinising Hormone)

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4
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

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5
Q

What does FSH do?

A

It causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries in a follicle

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6
Q

What hormone stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen?

A

FSH

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7
Q

Which hormone does FSH stimulate the production of?

A

Oestrogen

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8
Q

Where is Oestrogen produced?

A

In the ovaries

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9
Q

What does Oestrogen do?

A

It causes the lining of the uterus to grow

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10
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of LSH and inhibits the release of FSH?

A

Oestrogen

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11
Q

Which hormone does Oestrogen stimulate the production of?

A

LH

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12
Q

Which hormone does Oestrogen inhibit the production of?

A

FSH

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13
Q

What is LH produced by?

A

The pituitary gland

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14
Q

What does LH do?

A

It stimulates the release of an egg - ovulation - at day 14

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15
Q

Where is Progesterone produced?

A

In the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation

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16
Q

What does Progesterone do?

A

It maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle

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17
Q

What happens when the level of progesterone falls?

A

The lining of the uterus breaks down

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18
Q

Which hormone inhibits the release of LH and FSH?

A

Progesterone

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19
Q

Which hormones does Progesterone inhibit the production of?

A

LH and FSH

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20
Q

What is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The breakdown of the uterus lining

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21
Q

How long does the breakdown of the uterus lining last?

A

4 or 5 days

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22
Q

What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining building up into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels

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23
Q

Which hormones are involved during the 2nd stage of the menstrual cycle (when uterus lining builds up)?

A

FSH released

Oestrogen produced

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24
Q

What is the third stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation - an egg released from the ovaries

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25
Q

What are the hormone levels during ovulation?

A

Oestrogen inhibits the release of FSH and stimulates LH

LH at its highest

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26
Q

What is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining is maintained

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27
Q

What happens when the egg doesn’t become fertilised in the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining begins to break down

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28
Q

What are the hormone levels during the last stage of the menstrual cycle (maintaining uterus lining)?

A

Levels of LH, FSH and Oestrogen decrease

Progesterone maintains the lining

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29
Q

How can oestrogen control fertility?

A

It can prevent the release of an egg by inhibiting the production of FSH

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30
Q

How can progesterone control fertility?

A

It can prevent the maturing and release of an egg by inhibiting the production of FSH and LH

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31
Q

Which hormones can be used to reduce fertility?

A

Oestrogen and/or Progesterone

32
Q

What hormones does the pill contain?

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone

33
Q

What does the contraceptive patch contain?

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone

34
Q

What does a contraceptive implant do? What does this do?

A

It continuously releases progesterone
Stops ovaries releasing eggs, makes it harder for sperm to swim to the egg, stops any fertilised egg implanting in the uterus

35
Q

What does the contraceptive injection contain?

A

Progesterone

36
Q

What is an Intrauterine Device and what does it do?

A

It is a T-shaped device inserted inside the uterus

It kills sperm and prevents the implantation of a fertilised egg

37
Q

What are the barrier methods of contraception?

A

Condoms

Diaphragms

38
Q

What is meant by Sterilisation?

A

Cutting or tying the fallopian tubes in a female or the sperm duct in a male

39
Q

What are Natural Methods of contraception?

A

Avoiding intercourse when the woman is most fertile

40
Q

What can be given to women who have very low levels of FSH?

A

Fertility drugs

41
Q

During IVF what is done to fertilise an egg?

A

Sperm is injected directly into an egg

42
Q

Where are fertilised eggs grown during IVF?

A

In laboratory incubators

43
Q

How many embryos are inserted into the woman’s uterus during IVF?

A

1 or 2

44
Q

What are disadvantages of IVF?

A

Multiple births can happen
The success rate is low
It is physically stressful for the woman

45
Q

Why is genetic testing done on embryos?

A

To check if they are healthy

46
Q

Why are some people against IVF?

A

It often results in used embryos being destroyed - unethical, potential human life
Genetic testing before implantation - unethical

47
Q

What does auxin control?

A

It controls the growth near the tips of shoots and roots

48
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

At the tips of shoots

49
Q

Auxin _____ growth in the shoots

A

Promotes

50
Q

Auxin _____ growth in the roots

A

Inhibits

51
Q

What happens if the tip of a root is removed?

A

There is no auxin available, so the shoot stops growing

52
Q

Phototropism is in response to _____

A

Light

53
Q

Geotropism is in response to _____

A

Gravity

54
Q

What is positive phototropism?

A

Growth towards sunlight

55
Q

Where is positive phototropism in the plant?

A

In the shoots

56
Q

What is negative geotropism?

A

Growth upwards (away from gravity)

57
Q

What is positive geotropism?

A

Growth downwards (towards gravity)

58
Q

Where is negative geotropism in the plant?

A

In the shoots

59
Q

Where is positive geotropism in the plant?

A

In the roots

60
Q

What happens to the auxin when a shoot tip is exposed to sunlight?

A

It moves to the more shaded side

61
Q

Why does auxin move to the more shaded side?

A

To make cells elongate faster in the shaded side, meaning the shoot bends towards the light

62
Q

When a shoot is growing sideways, where is most of the auxin and why?

A

There is more on the lower side because of gravity

63
Q

What happens when most auxin is on the lower side of a shoot?

A

The lower side grows faster causing the shoot to bend upwards

64
Q

When a root is growing sideways, where is most of the auxin and why?

A

There is more on the lower side because of gravity

65
Q

What happens when most auxin is on the lower side of a root?

A

Cells on the top elongate faster, causing the root to bend downwards

66
Q

What is auxin used for?

A

Weed killers
Rooting powders
Tissue culture

67
Q

How do week killers work?

A

They disrupt the normal growth patterns of specific plants, killing them

68
Q

What can rooting powders be used for?

A

To produce roots rapidly and grow new plants

69
Q

How can tissue culture be used?

A

It can be added to a growth medium to stimulate the cells to divide and form roots and shoots

70
Q

What does gibberellin do?

A

It stimulates seed germination, stem growth and flowering

71
Q

What is gibberellin used for?

A

Controlling dormancy
Inducing flowering
Producing larger fruit

72
Q

How does gibberellin control dormancy?

A

It makes plants germinate at times of the year they normally wouldn’t have done so

73
Q

How does gibberellin induce flowering?

A

When treated with gibberellin, flowers will flower and bigger flowers are grown

74
Q

What does ethene do to plants?

A

It influences growth by controlling cell division and stimulates enzymes - causes fruit to ripen

75
Q

How id ethene used commercially?

A

To speed up the ripening of fruit

To delay the ripening of fruit while in storage

76
Q

How is ethene added to plants?

A

As a gas

Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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