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Biology GCSE > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Small simple cells (a single-celled organism)

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2
Q

What is an example of a prokaryote?

A

Bacteria

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3
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Complex cells

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4
Q

What type of cells are animal and plant cells?

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

It contains the genetic information and controls the cell activities

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6
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Its the site where aerobic respiration takes place to release energy for the cell

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The gel-like substance where most chemical reactions in the call take place

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8
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain to control the reactions?

A

Enzymes

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9
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

It holds the cell together and controls what enters and leaves the cell

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10
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis (where proteins are made)

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11
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A

It contains cell sap and helps support the cell

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12
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

It helps support and strengthen the cell, giving it shape

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14
Q

What does chloroplast contain?

A

Chlorophyll

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15
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The green pigment which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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16
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

The site where photosynthesis occurs

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17
Q

What organelles are in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?

A

Vacuole
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts

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18
Q

What organelles are in BOTH plant cells and animal cells?

A 
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
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19
Q

What does a bacteria cell NOT contain?

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Nucleus

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20
Q

What does a bacteria cell contain?

A 
Ribosomes
Plasmids
Strand of DNA
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
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21
Q

What do bacteria cells have instead of a nucleus?

A

Plasmids and a strand of DNA

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22
Q

Microscopy equation …..

A

Image Size = Actual size x Magnification

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23
Q

What is iodine solution?

A

A stain

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24
Q

Why are stains used in microscopy?

A

To highlight cell structures by adding colour to them

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25
Q

1000 um =

A

1 mm

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26
Q

1mm =

A

1000 um

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27
Q

10000 um =

A

1 cm

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28
Q

1 cm =

A

10000 um

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29
Q

What microscope can view living objects?

A

Light

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30
Q

In which microscope are colours visible?

A

Light

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31
Q

Which microscope produces a 3D image?

A

Electron

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32
Q

Why are light microscopes useful?

A

They are small, portable, easy to use and have simple preparation

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33
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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34
Q

What are cells that differentiate in mature animals mainly used for?

A

Repairing and replacing cells

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35
Q

What are undifferentiated cells known as?

A

Stem cells

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36
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To get male DNA to the female DNA, fertilise an egg

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37
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In the bone marrow or human embryos

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38
Q

How are sperm cells adapted for reproduction?

A

Long tail + streamlined head to help swim to the egg
Lots of mitochondria to provide the energy needed
Carries enzymes to digest through the cell membrane

39
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

To carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another

40
Q

How are nerve cells adapted for rapid signalling?

A

Long to cover more distance

Branched connections to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body

41
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

To contract quickly

42
Q

How are muscle cells adapted for contraction?

A

Long so they have space to contract

Lots of mitochondria to generate energy needed for contraction

43
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

To absorb water and minerals at the roots of plants

44
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for abosorbing water and minerals?

A

Long ‘hairs’ so it has a big surface area for absorbing the minerals and water
Sticks out into the soil

45
Q

What are the function of phloem and xylem cells?

A

To transport substances, such as food and water, around plants

46
Q

How are phloem and xylem cells adapted to transport substances?

A

Long and joined end to end
Xylem - hollow in the centre
Phloem - few subcellular substances so stuff can flow through them

47
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Genetic information in the form of chromosomes

48
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA

49
Q

What does each chromosome carry?

A

A large number of genes

50
Q

What do genes crontrol?

A

The development of different charcateristics

51
Q

How many chromosomes do body cells have?

A

23 pairs - 46

52
Q

Why does mitosis take place?

A

To make new cells for growth, development and repair - to replace damaged cells

53
Q

What does mitosis result in?

A

2 new daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

54
Q

What is the first thing the cell does during mitosis?

A

The cell grows and increases the amount of subcellular substances and duplicates its DNA

55
Q

During mitosis, each of the chromosomes are an ______ ________ of the other

A

Exact duplicate

56
Q

What do the chromosomes do before the cell is divided during mitosis?

A

They line up in the centre of the cell

57
Q

What pull the chromosome arms apart during mitosis?

A

Cell fibres

58
Q

What are the last things to divide during mitosis?

A

The cytoplasm and the cell membrane

59
Q

Once the chromosomes are divided during mitosis, what happens to the sets of chromosomes?

A

Membranes form around the chromosomes - nuclei form for new cells

60
Q

What is binary fussion?

A

How bacteria cells replicate

61
Q

How many bacteria cells are needed for binary fission?

A

1 - asexual reproduction

62
Q

What is the DNA of cells after binary fission like?

A

Both cells have one copy of the circular DNA but a variable number of copies of the plasmid(s)

63
Q

What can embryo cells turn into?

A

Any type of cell

64
Q

What can stem cells from the bone marrow become?

A

Specific cells e.g. blood cells

65
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

When the embryo is made to have the same genetic information as the patient - not rejected by the body

66
Q

What is a risk of therapeutic cloning?

A

The stem cells grown in the lab may become contaminated with a virus and make the patient sicker

67
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

In meristems

68
Q

What can cells in meristem tissues differentiate into?

A

Any type of plant cell

69
Q

What can meristem cells be used to produce?

A

Clones of whole plants quickly and cheaply

70
Q

What can meristem cells be used to prevent?

A

Rare species from being wiped out

71
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane

72
Q

The difference in concentration is called the …

A

Concentration gradient

73
Q

How does a higher temperature effect the rate of diffusion?

A

It gives a faster diffusion rate as the particles have more energy and therefore move around faster

74
Q

What can diffuse across a cell membrane?

A

Small molecules such as oxygen, glucose, amino acids and water

75
Q

What can’t fit through the cell membrane?

A

Big molecules like starch and proteins

76
Q

How does a larger surface effect the rate of diffusion?

A

It increases the rate of diffusion because more particles can pass through at once

77
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water

78
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles against a concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

79
Q

What is required for active transport to take place?

A

Energy from respiration

80
Q

Where does active transport take place?

A

In the root hair cells

In the gut

81
Q

Why does active transport take place in root hair cells?

A

Because the concentration of minerals is usually higher in the cell than in the soil, so it can’t use diffusion

82
Q

What happens to the concentration of water when minerals and ions move into the root hair cell? What does this cause?

A

There is a low concentration of water inside the cell and a higher concentration in the soil so the water particles move into the cell via osmosis

83
Q

When is active transport used in the gut?

A

When there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut but a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood

84
Q

What gas exchange takes place in lungs?

A

Oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood

85
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gas exchange?

A

Contains air sacs (alveoli) which gives it a large surface area
Has a moist lining for dissolving gases
Very thin walls
A good blood supply

86
Q

What exchange takes place in the small intestine (gut)?

A

Nutrients and glucose are absorbed into the blood supply

87
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for diffusion?

A

It is covered in villi - to increase the surface area and therefore absorbed more easily
Single layer of surface cells
Good blood supply - to assist quick absorption

88
Q

What is the underneath of a leaf covered in? Why?

A

Stomata

So carbon dioxide can diffuse in through it

89
Q

What diffuses out through the stomata?

A

Oxygen and water vapour

90
Q

What controls the size of the stomata?

A

Guard cells

91
Q

What do guard cells do if more water is being lost than replaced by the roots?

A

They close the stomata

92
Q

What increases the exchange surface area of a leaf?

A

The flattened shape of the leaf

The air spaces inside the leaf

93
Q

How are gills adapted for gas exchange?

A

Each gill is made of lots of gill filaments (thin plates) - increase surface area
Gill filaments covered in lamellae (tiny structures) - increases surface area
Lots of blood capillaries - good supply of blood
Thin surface layer of cells

94
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to maximise effectiveness:

A

A thin membrane
Large surface area
Lots of blood vessels (in animals)
Ventilated (in animals)

Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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