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Biology GCSE > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

During photosynthesis energy is changes to change _______ _____ and _____ into ______ and ______

A

Carbon dioxide
Water
Glucose
Oxygen

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2
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In chloroplasts

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3
Q

How is energy transferred to the chloroplasts from the environment?

A

By light

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4
Q

Is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic?

A

Endothermic

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5
Q

Uses of glucose:

A 
Respiration
Making cellulose
Making amino acids
Stored as fats and oils
Stored as starch
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6
Q

How is glucose used in respiration?

A

Energy is transferred from glucose

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7
Q

What is cellulose used for?

A

It is used to make plant cell walls

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8
Q

How is glucose used to make amino acids?

A

It is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids

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9
Q

How and where is glucose stored as oils or fats?

A

It is turned into lipids for storing in seeds

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10
Q

Where is starch stored in plants?

A

In roots, stems and leaves

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11
Q

When is starch used?

A

When photosynthesis isn’t happening

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12
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light Intensity
Temperature
CO2 concentration

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13
Q

How can chlorophyll be a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

If damaged, they can’t absorb as much light, meaning the rate of photosynthesis is reduced

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14
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as the light level increases?

A

The rate increases, but only up to a certain point

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15
Q

Why won’t the increase of light intensity not make a difference to the rate of photosynthesis beyond the POINT?

A

Because light is no longer the limiting factor

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16
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as the CO2 level increases?

A

The rate increases, but only up to a certain point

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17
Q

Why won’t the increase of the concentration of CO2 not make a difference to the rate of photosynthesis beyond the POINT?

A

Because the CO2 level is no longer the limiting factor

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18
Q

What happens if the temperature becomes too high during photosynthesis?

A

The enzymes needed will become damaged

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19
Q

When is the rate of reaction highest (temp)?

A

When at optimum temperature

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20
Q

How do greenhouses make sure that the temperature doesn’t become too limiting?

A

It traps the Sun’s heat

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21
Q

What can be added to the soil to provide all the minerals needed?

A

Fertilisers

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22
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of transferring energy from glucose

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23
Q

Is respiration endothermic or exothermic?

A

Exothermic

24
Q

Why might organisms use energy from respiration?

A

To build up bigger molecules
To allow the muscles to contracts
To keep their body temperature steady

25
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions in an organism

26
Q

What are chemical reactions in the body controlled by?

A

Enzymes

27
Q

What do small glucose molecules join together in reactions to form?

A

Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose

28
Q

What are lipids made from?

A

(1 molecule of) Glycerol and (three molecules of) Fatty Acids

29
Q

What is glucose combined with to make amino acids?

A

Nitrate ions

30
Q

What do amino acids make?

A

Proteins

31
Q

What is broken down in respiration?

A

Glucose

32
Q

What is excess protein broken down into?

A

Urea

33
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration using oxygen

34
Q

What is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose?

A

Aerobic respiration

35
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The incomplete breakdown of glucose

36
Q

What does anaerobic respiration produce?

A

Lactic acid

37
Q

When does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

When the body can’t supply enough oxygen

38
Q

When is anaerobic respiration useful?

A

In emergencies

39
Q

Why doesn’t anaerobic respiration transfer as much energy?

A

Because the glucose isn’t fully oxidised

40
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called?

A

Fermentation

41
Q

What is fermentation used for?

A

To make bread and alcoholic drinks

42
Q

What is produced as a result of fermentation?

A

Carbon dioxide + ethanol

43
Q

How does fermentation help breadmaking?

A

The CO2 makes the bread rise

44
Q

How does fermentation help wine-making and beer-making?

A

The process produces alcohol

45
Q

Muscles need ____ from _________ to ______

A

Energy
Respiration
Contract

46
Q

What happens when exercising?

CLUE: 3 changes

A

The breathing rate increases
Breath volume increases
Heart rate increases

47
Q

Why does the heart rate increase when exercising?

A

To get more oxygenated blood around the body faster

48
Q

Why does the breathing rate and volume increase when exercising?

A

To get more oxygen in the blood

49
Q

What happens when the someone takes part in vigorous exercise?

A

The muscles start respiring anaerobically because the body can’t supply enough oxygen. Lactic acid builds up

50
Q

Why do long periods of exercising cause muscle fatigue?

A

Because the muscles get tired and stop contracting efficiently

51
Q

What is the oxygen debt?

A

The amount of extra oxygen needed to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from the cells

52
Q

What is formed when oxygen reacts with lactic acid?

A

Water and Carbon dioxide

53
Q

Why does the heart rate and breathing rate remain high when there are high levels of lactic acid and CO2?

A

To get more oxygen to the muscle cell and remove waste CO2

54
Q

What happens when lactic acid is transported to the liver?

A

It is converted back into glucose

55
Q

What is the adaptation of muscle cells?

A

They have lots of mitochondria because they need energy to contract

Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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