Inflammation II

Question 1

Can acute inflammation cause chronic inflammation?

Answer 1

• Chronic inflammation can be a consequence of acute inflammation
• May occur without acute inflammation

Question 2

Is chronic inflammation characterised by the 5 signs of acute inflamamtion?

Answer 2

• No

Question 3

What is the duration of chronic inflammation?

Answer 3

• Prolonged duration - months, years
• Simultaneous injury and healing

Question 4

what are the causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 4

• Persistent infection by microorganisms that are difficult to eliminate
• Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases - autoimmune disease, allergic diseases
• Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents - exogenous, endogenous

Question 5

What is the morphology of chronic inflammation?

Answer 5

• Infiltration of mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
• Tissue destruction
• Attempts at healing by connective tissue replacement: Angiogenesis, Fibrosis

Question 6

Explain the cells in chronic inflammation

Answer 6

• Macrophages - dominant cell type activated. Products of activated macrophages can cause tissue damage and fibrosis
• Lymphocytes - produce cytokines: IFN
• Plasma cells developed form activated B lymphocytes
• Eosinophils
• Mast cells

Question 7

What are the changes in chronic inflammation

Answer 7

• Persistent inflammatory stimulus
• Absence of neutrophils
• Predominately lymphocytes
• Macrophages present to clear debris, presentation of antigen materials and granuloma formation
• Angiogenesis
• Proliferation of fibroblasts - fibrosis

Question 8

What is Granuloma

Answer 8

• Special type of chronic inflammation

Question 9

When is Caseating and non caseating used in granuloma formation

Answer 9

• Caseating - mycobacterial infection
• non-caseating - autoimmune

Question 10

What cause Granuloma formation

Answer 10

• Caused by resistance to phagocytosis
  -For some infective organisms this include TB, leprosy, syphilis or exogenous materials such as asbestos, silica
• Some of unknown aetiology such as sacoidosis

Question 11

What happens outcomes happens in crhonic inflammation

Answer 11

• Contains the injurious agent and attempts to eradicate it : with antibodies form plasma cells, direct killing by lymphocytes, phagocytosis by macrophages
• Can be harmful : tissue necrosis, fibrosis
• Associated with systemic signs of low grade fever, weight loss, anaemia

Question 12

What are the systemic effects of inflammation

Answer 12

• Fever: usually 1-4 degrees c higher
• Leucocytosis: a feature of bacterial infection
• increased pulse and blood pressure
• decreased sweating, chills

Question 13

Compare the duration of acute and chronic inflammation

Answer 13

• Acute: hours/days
• Chronic: days/months/year

Question 14

compare the cell types of acute and chronic

Answer 14

• Acute: Neutrophils/Macrophage
• Chronic: Macrophage, plasma cells, lymphocytes

Question 15

Compare the Vasc change of acute and chronic inflammation

Answer 15

• Acute: Oedema
• Chronic: None

Question 16

Compare the sequence of acute and chronic inflammation

Answer 16

• Acute: Inflammation, then repair
• Chronic: Inflammation and concurrent repair; fibrosis

Question 17

Compare the damage of acute and chronic

Answer 17

• Acute: some
• Chronic: a lot