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Pathology and Medicine > Cardiovascular system and diseases I > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system and diseases I Flashcards

1
Q

What does the heart have 4 valves

A
  • To maintain unidirectional blood flow through the heart
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2
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system

A
  • A pump - the heart
  • A distributary system, - aorta, arteries, arterioles
  • An oxygenation system - pulmonary vessels/lungs
  • A system for exchange - the capillaries
  • A collecting system - veins, vena cava
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3
Q

What are the 4 valves in the heart

A
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Aortic valve
  • Mitral valve
  • Tricuspid valve
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4
Q

Why is Myocardium?

A
  • The cardiac muscle composed primarily of a collection of specialised muscle cells called cardiac myocytes
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5
Q

How is Ventricular myocytes arranged

A
  • Ventricular myocytes are arranged circumferentially in a spiral orientation and contract during systole and relax during diastole
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6
Q

How does the heart meet its energy needs?

A
  • To meet energy need, cardiac muscles rely almost exclusively on constant supply of oxygenated blood via the coronary arteries
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7
Q

What are the 3 major epicardial coronary arteries

A
  1. Left anterior descending (LAD) artery
  2. Left circumflex (LCX) artery
  3. Right Coronary artery
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8
Q

When does most coronary arterial blood flow to the myocardium occur?

A
  • Most coronary arterial blood flow to the myocardium occurs during ventricular diastole, when the microcirculation is not compressed by cardiac contraction
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9
Q

The heart is an excitable tissue, what does this mean?

A
  • Relies on electrical activities
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10
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system

A
  • Regulates the heart rate and rhythm
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11
Q

What is the Sinoatrial (SA) node and where is it located?

A
  • The sinoatrial (SA) pacemaker of the heart, the SA node, located near the junction of the right atrial appendage and the superior vena cava
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12
Q

Where is the AV node located

A
  • located in the right atrium along the atrial septum
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13
Q

Where is the bundle of his located

A
  • which courses from the right atrium to the summit of the ventricular septum; and its major divisions
  • The right and left bundle branches, which further arborize in the respective ventricles through the anterior - superior and posterior-inferior divisions of the left bundle and the Purkinje network
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14
Q

What is the P wave in electrocardiogram tracing?

A
  • P wave: Atrial depolarization
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15
Q

What is the PR segment in electrocardiogram tracing?

A
  • PR segment: Time taken from atria to ventricle
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16
Q

What is the QRS complex in electrocardiogram tracing?

A
  • QRS complex: Ventricular depolarisation
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17
Q

What is ST segment in electrocardiogram tracing?

A
  • ST segment: Period between ventricular depolarisation to myocardial contraction
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18
Q

What is T wave in electrocardiogram tracing?

A
  • T wave: Ventricular repolarisation
19
Q

How does disorders of cardiac conduction occur?

A
  • Conduction defects (arrhythmias) due to uncoordinated generation of impulses lead to non uniform and inefficient contraction of the heart.
20
Q

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?

A
  • Increased filling volumes dilate the heart and thereby increase functional cross-bridge formation within the sarcomeres -> increase contractility
21
Q

What are the 3 compensatory mechanisms

A
  • The Frank-Starling Mechanism
  • Myocardial adaptations, including hypertrophy with or without cardiac chamber dilation
  • Activation of neurohumoral systems
22
Q

What happens in the activation of neurohumoral systems

A

1) Release of noradrenaline by adrenergic cardiac nerves of the autonomic nervous system (increase heart rate, myocardial contractility, vascular resistance)
2) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
3) Release of atrial natriuretic peptide

23
Q

Common cardiovascular diseases

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Hypertension
  • Stroke
  • Heart failure
  • Arrhythmia
  • Heart valve problems
24
Q

What is Blood Pressure?

A
  • a functions of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance
25
Q

If blood pressure is not maintained what will happen?

A
  • Systemic and local tissue blood pressures must be maintained within a narrow range
  • If its too low or high it will lead to Hypotension or Hypertension
26
Q

What is Hypotension?

A

-low pressure
- results in inadequate organ perfusion and can lead to dysfunction or tissue death

27
Q

What is Hypertension?

A
  • high pressure
  • can cause vessel and end-organ damage
28
Q

Name the parameters for Hypertension

A
  • A sustained diastolic pressure greater than 89 mm Hg
  • or a sustained systolic pressure in excess of 139 mm Hg
  • associated with a measurably increased risk of atherosclerosis
29
Q

What risk factors are there that determine blood pressure variation within and between population

A
  • Age
  • Genetics: African or Caribbean origin
  • Body mass index
  • Diet, sodium intake
  • Stress
30
Q

What are the different hypertension classification

A
  • ESSENTIAL (idiopathic) hypertension: ~90-95% cases, a complex multi-factorial disorder. Genetic factors play an important role
  • SECONDARY hypertension: results from another disease
31
Q

What Blood pressure effected by?

A
  • Cardiac output
  • Peripheral resistance
32
Q

What is the equation for Blood pressure, Cardiac output and Peripheral resistance

A

BP = Cardiac output X Peripheral resistance

33
Q

What effects the Cardiac output?

A
  • Cardiac factors: heart rate, contractility
  • Blood volume: Na, Mineralocorticoids, Atriopeptin
34
Q

What effects Peripheral resistance?

A
  • Humoral factors: Constrictors (Angiotensin II, Catecholamines, Endothelin), Dilators (Prostaglandins, Kinins, NO)
  • Neural factors: Constrictors (alpha - adrenergic), Dilators (Beta-adrenergic)
  • Local factors (pH, hypoxia)
35
Q

What are the pathogenesis of secondary hypertension

A
  • Renal
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Neurological
36
Q

Symptoms of hypertension

A
  • Persistent headache
  • Blurred or double vision
  • Nosebleeds
  • Shortness of breath
37
Q

What are the treatments for hypertension

A
  • Antihypertensive drugs
38
Q

What does Antihypertensive drugs consists off

A
  • ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists
  • Beta-blockers
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Diuretics
39
Q

Persistent hypertension without treatment can cause what?

A
  • Pressure overload and ventricular hypertrophy
  • Morphology of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy
40
Q

Explain systemic and pulmonary hypertension

A
  • Systemic hypertension causes left heart hypertrophy (most common)
  • Pulmonary hypertension causes right heart hypertrophy
41
Q

Explain the morphology of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy

A
  • Left ventricular wall thickening
  • Increased heart weight
  • Ventricular wall stiffness impairs diastolic filling causing left atrial enlargement
42
Q

What can Hypertensive heart disease progress too

A
  • Heart failure or ischemic heart disease
43
Q

What happens in compensated stage of hypertensive heart diseases

A
  • Compensated stage may be asymptomatic and can be diagnosed by electrocardiogram or echocardiography

Pathology and Medicine (13 decks)

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