Aetiology Pathogenesis

Question 1

What is Aetiology ?

Answer 1

Cause of a disease

Question 2

What is Pathogenesis?

Answer 2

Mechanisms causing the disease

Question 3

What is Pathological and clinical manifestations

Answer 3

Structural and functional features, symptoms, signs

Question 4

What is Complications

Answer 4

Secondary effect

Question 5

What is Prognosis

Answer 5

Outcome of a disease

Question 6

What is Epidemiology

Answer 6

The incidence, prevalence and population distribution of a disease

Question 7

What does Genetic Aetiology disease mean

Answer 7

• inherited
• Acquired (during conception or embryogenesis, or during post-natal life)

Question 8

What are examples of Environmental Aetiology disease

Answer 8

• infectious agents: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasite
• Chemicals
• Physical: radiation, mechanical trauma

Question 9

What are the 3 types of Aetiology?

Answer 9

• Genetic
• Environmental
• Multifactorial

Question 10

What is Multifactorial aetiology?

Answer 10

• Diseases due to a combination of causes
• Proportionate risk of disease due to genetic or environmental factors

Question 11

What is unknown aetiology classified as?

Answer 11

• idiopathic, primary, essential, spontaneous, cryptogenic

Question 12

What are risk factor (aetiology)

Answer 12

• The aetiology of a disease is unknown, but the disease is observed in people with certain habits such as smoking, age, or occupations

Question 13

What is pathogenesis of a disease?

Answer 13

• The mechanism through which the aetiology (cause) operates to produce the pathological and clinical manifestations

Question 14

Name 3 examples of Pathogensis

Answer 14

• Inflammation
• Degeneration
• Carcinogenesis

Question 15

What is inflammation

Answer 15

• A RESPONSE to many micro-organisms and other harmful agents causing TISSUE INJURY

Question 16

What is degeneration

Answer 16

A deterioration of cells or tissues in response to, or failure of adaptation to, a variety of agents

Question 17

What is Carcinogenesis

Answer 17

The mechanism by which cancer-causing agents result in the development of tumours

Question 18

What are symptoms?

Answer 18

What the patient suffers or patients complaints

Question 19

Name some common and specific symptoms

Answer 19

-common: pain, fever, nausea
- specific: diarrhoea or constipation, skin rash

Question 20

What are signs of diseases?

Answer 20

• What the doctor is looking e.g. body temperature, blood pressure

Question 21

What is Syndrome?

Answer 21

• An aggregate of signs and symptoms or a combination of lesions without which the disease cannot be recognised or diagnosed

Question 22

What are Lesions?

Answer 22

• The structural or functional abnormality responsible for the ill health
• e.g. Myocardial infraction, the infract or patch of dead heart muscle is the lesion

Question 23

What are complications?

Answer 23

• The prolonged, secondary or distant effects of a disease

Question 24

What is Progenosis?

Answer 24

• The anticipated outcome (forecasting the known or likely course) of a disease

Question 25

What is the purpose of Prognosis

Answer 25

To plan appropriate treatment and to give useful information to individual patients

Question 26

What influences the prognosis of a certain disease?

Answer 26

Influenced by medical or surgical intervention

Question 27

What is Epidemiology?

Answer 27

- Disease or pathology of the populations - Determination of causes, incidence, mortality, characteristic behaviour of disease outbreaks affecting human populations

Question 28

What is the morbidity of a disease?

Answer 28

- The disease state of an individual, or the incidence of illness in a population - The proportion of patients with a particular disease during a given year per given unit of population

Question 29

What is the Mortality of a disease?

Answer 29

- The probability that death will be the end result of that disease

Question 30

How is mortality expressed?

Answer 30

Usually as a percentage of all the patients presenting with the disease

Question 31

What is Prevalence of a disease?

Answer 31

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time

Question 32

What is Prevalence different from morbidity?

Answer 32

refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time

Question 33

Explain the Aetiology, pathogenesis, disease (structural and functional damage) and complications of lung cancer

Answer 33

- aetiology = smoking - Pathogenesis = genetic alteration (mutation) - Disease (structural and functional damage) = lung tumour - Complication = Metastases (secondary tumours)

Question 34

Explain the Aetiology, pathogenesis, disease (structural and functional damage) and complications of hypertension

Answer 34

- Aetiology = unclear - Pathogenesis = Increased renin production from kidneys - Disease = High blood pressure - Complication = Cerebral haemorrhage

Question 35

What are the 3 concepts of Epidemiology?

Answer 35

- Morbidity, mortality, prevalence