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Pathology and Medicine > Cellular adaptation and tissue regeneration > Flashcards

Cellular adaptation and tissue regeneration Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the overview of adaptation and regeneration

A
  • When normal cells are exposed to stress and increased demands, adaptation occurs. When there is an inability to adapt cell injury and death occurs
  • When normal cells is exposed to injurious stimulus then cell injury and death occurs
  • Repair regeneration occurs from cell injury
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2
Q

How is Hyperplasia and hypertrophy a cellular adaptation

A
  • Cells respond to increased demand and external stimulation by hyperplasia or hypertrophy
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3
Q

How is Atrophy a cellular adaptation

A
  • Cells respond to reduced supply of nutrients and growth factors by Atrophy
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4
Q

How is Metaplasia a cellular adaptation

A
  • In some situations, cells change from one type to another, a process called metaplasia
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5
Q

What is Hyperplasia?

A
  • Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue resulting in increased volume of the organ or tissue
  • The process remains controlled
  • May lead to cancerous proliferation
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6
Q

Is hyperplasia physiological or pathological?

A
  • Can be physiological or pathological
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7
Q

What is the mechanism of hyperplasia?

A
  • Increase local production of growth factors ->
  • Increased expression of growth factor receptors of the responding cells. Activation of particular intracellular signalling pathways ->
  • Production of transcription factors that turn on many cellular genes ->
  • Cell proliferation
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8
Q

What is Hypertrophy?

A
  • An increase in the size of cells due to synthesis of more structural components, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ
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9
Q

Is Hypertrophy physiological or pathological?

A
  • Can be physiological (exercises leads to increase muscle fibre)
    -or pathological (e.g. hypertension the heart needs to pump a lot harder)
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10
Q

What causes Hypertrophy?

A
  • Caused by increased FUNCTIONAL DEMAND or by specific HORMONAL STIMULATION
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11
Q

Explain Cardiac hypertrophy

A
  • under normal conditions due to exercise
  • Adaptation response to increased work load is that the heart muscle fibre gets larger to increase the blood output
  • Hypertrophic cardiac myocytes
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12
Q

Explain the mechanisms of hypertrophy

A
  • Hypertrophy is the result of increased production of cellular proteins
  • Induced by co-ordinated actions of mechanical sensors, growth factors and vaso-active agents
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13
Q

What are the two main biochemical pathways of hypertrophy mechanisms

A
  • IGF1 -> PI3K -> Akt pathway (physiological)
  • Ang II, ET-1, NA -> GPCR -> Galphaq/11 -> MAPK, PKC, PKA (pathological)
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14
Q

Explain the number and size of cells in these situations: 1) Hyperplasia, 2) Hypertrophy, 3) Combined hypertrophy and hyperplasia

A

1) Cell number increase, cell size the same
2) Cell size increase, cell number the same
3) Increase in cell size and cell number

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15
Q

What is Atrophy?

A
  • Atrophy is the shrinkage (reduced size) of an organ or tissue from a decrease in cell size and number
  • It represents a form of adaptive response and may culminate in cell death
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16
Q

When does physiological atrophy commonly occur?

A
  • Physiological atrophy is common during normal foetal development
17
Q

What does Pathological atrophy depend on?

A
  • Pathological atrophy depends on the underlying cause and can be local or generalised
18
Q

What are the causes of Atrophy, explain them

A
  • Decreased workload (atrophy of disuse)
  • Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy)
  • Diminished blood supply: arterial occlusive disease
  • Lack of nutrition
  • Loss of endocrine stimulation
  • Pressure atrophy (Tissue compressed)
19
Q

Explain how decreased workload (atrophy of disuse) causes atrophy

A
  • restriction to bed rest leads to skeletal muscle atrophy
20
Q

Explain how Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy) causes atrophy

A
  • Nerve damage leads to muscle atrophy
21
Q

Explain what repair often consists of

A
  • Repair most often consists of a combination of regeneration and scar formation and fibrosis by the deposition of collagen
22
Q

The relative contribution of regeneration and scarring in tissue repair depends on what 2 things

A
  • The ability of the tissue to regenerate
  • The extent of the injury
23
Q

In adult tissues the size of cell population is determined by

A
  • The rate of cell proliferation, differentiation
  • The rate of death by apoptosis
24
Q

Differentiated cells incapable of replication is referred to as what

A
  • Terminally differentiated cells
25
Q

What are stem cells characterised by

A
  • Their self-renewal properties
  • Their capacity to generate differentiated cell linages
26
Q

In early stages of embryonic development stem cells (embryonic stem (ES) cells) are what?

A
  • They are pluripotent - they can generate all tissues of the body
27
Q

What does Pluripotent stem cells turn into?

A

multipotent or unipotent stem cells (more restricted developmental potential), -> differentiated cells from the three embryonic layers

28
Q

What is an Embryonic stem cells?

A
  • The inner cell mass of blastocysts in early embryonic development contains pluripotent stem cells known as ES cells
29
Q

What are Adult (somatic) stem cells?

A
  • Stem cells present in adult tissues that continuously divide such as the bone marrow, the skin, and the lining of the GI tract
30
Q

What are Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)

A
  • Differentiated cells of adult tissues can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent (transferring their nucleus to an enucleated oocyte; introducing the key genes).
31
Q

What are the impact of stem cell research on Biology and Medicine

A
  • To study the specific signals and differentiation steps required for the development of many tissues
  • To produce knockout mice, an essential tool to study the biology of particular genes and to develop models of human disease
  • To regenerate damaged organs
32
Q
A

Pathology and Medicine (13 decks)

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