Inflammation & Healing 2

Question 1

Where is histamine released from?

Answer 1

mast cells

Question 2

Where is NO released from?

Answer 2

endothelium

Question 3

Where is serotonin released from?

Answer 3

platelets

Question 4

What mediators are involved in vasodilation?

Answer 4

histamine, prostaglandins, NO

Question 5

What mediators are involved in increased vascular permeability?

Answer 5

histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, bradykinin

Question 6

What mediators are involved in endothelial activation?

Answer 6

IL-1, TNF

Question 7

What mediators are involved in chemotaxis?

Answer 7

complement, bacteria components, cytokines, leukotriene B4

Question 8

What mediators are involved in tissue damage?

Answer 8

neutrophil granule contents, ROS, NO

Question 9

What mediators are involved in pain?

Answer 9

prostaglandins, bradykinin

Question 10

What mediators are involved in fever?

Answer 10

IL-1, IL-6, TNF, prostaglandins

Question 11

What enzyme do corticosteroids inhibit?

Answer 11

Phospholipases which converts phospholipids into arachidonic acid

Question 12

What do non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs inhibit?

Answer 12

Cyclooxygenase which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins

Question 13

What are the two main products of arachidonic acid?

Answer 13

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Question 14

What enzyme converts arachidonic acid to leukotrienes?

Answer 14

Lipoxygenase

Question 15

What happens to exudate after acute inflammation?

Answer 15

The fluid drains to the lymph and the neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytosed by macrophages

Question 16

What are the main outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 16

resolution (no scar tissue), healing by repair, chronic inflammation

Question 17

What are the components of granulation tissue?

Answer 17

Inflammatory cells (macrophages and lymphocytes), new blood vessels, fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, myofibroblasts

Question 18

What is the role of macrophages in granulation tissue?

Answer 18

phagocytosing debris and releasing factors e.g. growth factors

Question 19

What is the role of lymphocytes in granulation tissue?

Answer 19

developing an immune response

Question 20

What is the role of myofibroblasts in granulation tissue?

Answer 20

To contract the wound

Question 21

What are the features of a mature scar?

Answer 21

poorly cellular - most remaining cells are fibroblasts, poorly vascular - macroscopically looks white

Question 22

How long does it take to form a mature scar?

Answer 22

6-8 weeks

Question 23

What is transforming growth factor beta important for?

Answer 23

immune responses and inhibiting epithelial proliferation

Question 24

What is healing by primary intention?

Answer 24

The healing of a narrow wound with closely opposed edges

Question 25

What is healing by secondary intention?

Answer 25

The healing of a larger area e.g. an ulcer, infarct or burns

Question 26

What is dehiscence?

Answer 26

Where the wound ruptures along a surgical suture

Question 27

What is a keloid?

Answer 27

Proterburant masses of scar tissue - typically occurs in dark skin

Question 28

What is contracture?

Answer 28

Fibrous tissue grows where it shouldn’t in wound healing