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Mechanisms of Disease > Inflammation and Repair > Flashcards

Inflammation and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What would it be called if a smear has numerous immature neutrophils?

A

Left-shift (suspect leukemia)

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2
Q

What is myeloperoxidase?

A

A Heme-based protein that produces hypochlorate

in neutrophils

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3
Q

What is hyperemia?

A

Extra blood in organ/area due to arteriolar dilation

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4
Q

What do Azurophil granules contain?

A

Myeloperoxidase
Elastase
Cathespins
Lysozyme

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5
Q

What do Specific granules contain?

A

Alkaline phosphatase
Lactoferrin
Collagenase
Lysozyme

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6
Q

What do both Azurophil and Specific granules contain?

A

Lysozyme

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7
Q

What does Histamine do?

A
  • Dilates blood vessels, makes them leaky (especially to albumin)
  • Contributes to pain, itching
  • Bronchoconstriction
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8
Q

What are the effects of Bradykinin?

A

•Vasodilation (produces PGI2)
•Bronchoconstriction
Pain

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9
Q

What are the effects of Prostaglandin E2?

A
  • Potent vasodilator

* Causes fever, increases vessel permeability

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10
Q

What does Thromboxane A2 do?

A

Causes hemostasis

Causes vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation

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11
Q

What does Prostacyclin (PGI2) do?

A

Causes vasodilation

Inhibits platelet aggregation

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12
Q

What does Leukotriene B4 do?

A

•Promotes neutrophil attachment to epithelium
•Chemotaxis of neutrophils
(adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis)

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13
Q

What are the anaphylotoxins?

A

C5a and C3a- cause histamine release from mast cells

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14
Q

What does C3b do?

A
  • Allows more complement activation

* Promotes opsonization/phagocytosis of neutrophils

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15
Q

What are the effects of IL-1?

A

Proinflammatory cytokine
•Fever (pyrogen)
•Increased neutrophil production and recruitment
(rolling, adhesion of neutrophils)

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16
Q

What is Chediak-Higashi disease?

A

Organelle problems-> Causes impaired neutrophil killing of microbes, mild Albinism

17
Q

What does IFN-gamma do?

A
  • Recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages
  • Macrophage activation
  • Production of IL-1, IL-12, IL-23
18
Q

What do IL-4 and IL-13 do?

A

•Direct macrophages to produce ANTI-inflammatory mediators
•Pump out osteopontin (granuloma glue)
Both are anti-inflammatory cytokines

19
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A

Chronic inflammation that occurs in the presence of indigestible material and/or cell-mediated immunity

20
Q

What are the 3 hallmarks of acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and neutrophil tissue entry

21
Q

Define rubor, calor, dolor, and tumor

cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

Rubor: Red (from hyperemia)
Calor: Heat
Dolor: Pain
Tumor: Swelling (from leakage into venule)

22
Q

What are the effects of TNF-alpha?

A
  • Causes fever, neutrophil production
  • Mediates acute phase reaction
  • Promotes thrombosis, insulin resistance
23
Q

What is an acute phase reaction?

A

Inflammation associated with cytokine-induced systemic rxn’s, mediated by IL-1, IL-6, TNF. Causes an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

24
Q

What is the triple response of Lewis?

A
  1. Local redness (capillary dilation)
  2. Flare surrounding scratch (depends on intact nerve supply)
  3. Swelling/edema (wheal) surrounds scratch
25
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

A structure built by activated macrophages adherent to one another.
•Histo: Abundant pink cytoplasm, indistinct borders, and scattered, euchromatin-rich, reticulated nuclei

26
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Epithelium and connective tissue underneath are lost to necrosis
•Crater- always inflamed, fibrin-sealed

27
Q

What is a pseudomembrane?

A

Broad, very shallow ulcer (seen in diphtheria, C. diff)

28
Q

What is exuberant granulation?

A

Exaggeration of normal healing, wi/granulation tissue rising above the surface. May require surgical debridement.

29
Q

What typically causes aching pain?

A

Periosteum, tooth, dura, brain circuit

30
Q

What typically causes burning pain?

A

A mucosal or nerve injury

31
Q

What causes crampy pain?

A

Hollow organ pain

32
Q

What causes stabbing pain?

A

Serosal membrane injury

33
Q

What does suppurate mean?

A

Verb; to make pus

34
Q

What do classically activated macrophages do? (M1)

A

Produce NO, ROS-> phagocytosis

Secrete IL-1, IL-12, IL-23-> inflammation

35
Q

What do alternatively activated macrophages do? (M2)

A

Secrete TGF-b -> tissue repair, fibrosis

Produce IL-10, TGF-b -> anti-inflammatory effects

Mechanisms of Disease (12 decks)

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