Inflammation and Repair Flashcards
What would it be called if a smear has numerous immature neutrophils?
Left-shift (suspect leukemia)
What is myeloperoxidase?
A Heme-based protein that produces hypochlorate
in neutrophils
What is hyperemia?
Extra blood in organ/area due to arteriolar dilation
What do Azurophil granules contain?
Myeloperoxidase
Elastase
Cathespins
Lysozyme
What do Specific granules contain?
Alkaline phosphatase
Lactoferrin
Collagenase
Lysozyme
What do both Azurophil and Specific granules contain?
Lysozyme
What does Histamine do?
- Dilates blood vessels, makes them leaky (especially to albumin)
- Contributes to pain, itching
- Bronchoconstriction
What are the effects of Bradykinin?
•Vasodilation (produces PGI2)
•Bronchoconstriction
Pain
What are the effects of Prostaglandin E2?
- Potent vasodilator
* Causes fever, increases vessel permeability
What does Thromboxane A2 do?
Causes hemostasis
Causes vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
What does Prostacyclin (PGI2) do?
Causes vasodilation
Inhibits platelet aggregation
What does Leukotriene B4 do?
•Promotes neutrophil attachment to epithelium
•Chemotaxis of neutrophils
(adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis)
What are the anaphylotoxins?
C5a and C3a- cause histamine release from mast cells
What does C3b do?
- Allows more complement activation
* Promotes opsonization/phagocytosis of neutrophils
What are the effects of IL-1?
Proinflammatory cytokine
•Fever (pyrogen)
•Increased neutrophil production and recruitment
(rolling, adhesion of neutrophils)
What is Chediak-Higashi disease?
Organelle problems-> Causes impaired neutrophil killing of microbes, mild Albinism
What does IFN-gamma do?
- Recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages
- Macrophage activation
- Production of IL-1, IL-12, IL-23
What do IL-4 and IL-13 do?
•Direct macrophages to produce ANTI-inflammatory mediators
•Pump out osteopontin (granuloma glue)
Both are anti-inflammatory cytokines
What is granulomatous inflammation?
Chronic inflammation that occurs in the presence of indigestible material and/or cell-mediated immunity
What are the 3 hallmarks of acute inflammation?
Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and neutrophil tissue entry
Define rubor, calor, dolor, and tumor
cardinal signs of acute inflammation
Rubor: Red (from hyperemia)
Calor: Heat
Dolor: Pain
Tumor: Swelling (from leakage into venule)
What are the effects of TNF-alpha?
- Causes fever, neutrophil production
- Mediates acute phase reaction
- Promotes thrombosis, insulin resistance
What is an acute phase reaction?
Inflammation associated with cytokine-induced systemic rxn’s, mediated by IL-1, IL-6, TNF. Causes an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
What is the triple response of Lewis?
- Local redness (capillary dilation)
- Flare surrounding scratch (depends on intact nerve supply)
- Swelling/edema (wheal) surrounds scratch
What is a granuloma?
A structure built by activated macrophages adherent to one another.
•Histo: Abundant pink cytoplasm, indistinct borders, and scattered, euchromatin-rich, reticulated nuclei
What is an ulcer?
Epithelium and connective tissue underneath are lost to necrosis
•Crater- always inflamed, fibrin-sealed
What is a pseudomembrane?
Broad, very shallow ulcer (seen in diphtheria, C. diff)
What is exuberant granulation?
Exaggeration of normal healing, wi/granulation tissue rising above the surface. May require surgical debridement.
What typically causes aching pain?
Periosteum, tooth, dura, brain circuit
What typically causes burning pain?
A mucosal or nerve injury
What causes crampy pain?
Hollow organ pain
What causes stabbing pain?
Serosal membrane injury
What does suppurate mean?
Verb; to make pus
What do classically activated macrophages do? (M1)
Produce NO, ROS-> phagocytosis
Secrete IL-1, IL-12, IL-23-> inflammation
What do alternatively activated macrophages do? (M2)
Secrete TGF-b -> tissue repair, fibrosis
Produce IL-10, TGF-b -> anti-inflammatory effects
