Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mechanisms of Disease > Fluid and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Fluid and Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of edema?

A

Too much interstitial fluid in the tissues or outside individual cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Anasarca?

A

Generalized, severe edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an effusion?

A

Liquid in the pericardial, pleural, peritoneal, or joint cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Ascites?

Causes?

A

Effusion in the peritoneal cavity

Causes- Liver dz (hepatitis, cancer, cirrhosis), CHF, severe pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Empyema?

A

Pus or purulent effusion in the pleural cavity

aka pyothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an Ileus?

A

Too much fluid in the small bowel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a Seroma?

A

Non-infected fluid in a surgical incision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a Loculated effusion?

A

Effusion in more then one compartment due to scarring, harder to drain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between Bulla and Vesicles?

A

Bulla: Big blisters
Vesicles: Little blisters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the mechanisms in which transudate edema can form?

A
  1. Excess total body fluid
  2. Increased pressure in small veins
  3. Decreased total plasma protein/albumin
  4. Lymphatic vessel obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes edema in liver failure?

A

Increased portal venous pressure and low serum albumin (ascites, caput medusa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What usually causes lymphedema?

A

Cancer

Other causes: Surgery, radiation therapy (i.e. agressive mastectomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Milroy’s disease?

A

Malformed lymphatics-> produces lifelong lymphedema, worst in legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between transudates and exudates?

A

Exudates- protein-rich fluid accumulations

Transudates- low-protein fluid accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does orange peel skin indicate?

A

Plugging of dermal lymphatics- probably by breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does thrombin do?

A

Converts fibrinogen into fibrin
Activates factor XIII (cross links fibrin)
Promotes neutrophil adhesion
Induces platelet, monocyte, lymphocyte activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does plasmin do?

A

Breaks down fibrin

Activates fibrinolysis

18
Q

What is the Virchow triad?

A
  1. Endothelial injury
  2. Stasis (turbulent blood flow)
  3. Hypercoagulability of blood
19
Q

What is primary hemostasis?

A

Formation of platelet plug

Induced by vWF, collagen

20
Q

What is secondary hemostasis?

A

Deposition of Fibrin meshwork

Consolidation of clot (essentially, the clotting cascade)

21
Q

What are genetic factors of hypercoagulable blood?

A

Factor V-Leiden
Prothrombin G20210A
Protein S, C, and AT-III deficiency
High homocysteine

22
Q

What should be considered when edema around the eyes is observed?

A

Total body water overload (pools in periorbit first)

Possibly from low blood albumin/renal edema

23
Q

A patient presents with abdominal edema. What should you consider first?

A

Primary liver disease

Low albumin + resistance to portal venous flow

24
Q

A patient presents with edema in the feet after standing. First differential you should consider?

A

Heart failure- cardiac edema

25
Q

A patient presenting with lower eyelid petechiae should be worked up for what?

A

Bacterial endocarditis (cardiac)

26
Q

In patients with platelet deficiencies, what are the most feared consequences?

A

GI and brain bleeds

CN: may be diagnostic petechiae

27
Q

What does thrombin do when it is bound to thrombomodulin?

A

Stops activating fibrinogen, activates protein C instead
Prevents/stops clotting
(Thrombomodulin modulates thrombin)

28
Q

What are lines of Zahn?

A

Lines that form on a thrombus ante-mortem

Thrombi without lines of Zahn occurred after death

29
Q

What is recanalization?

A

Thrombi turn into granulation tissue, and contract

This opens little channels

30
Q

What can cause an injured vessel endothelium?

A

Smoking, HTN, MI, indwelling lines, radiation/electrical injury, ruptured atherosclerotic plaques, inflamed heart valves

31
Q

What can cause altered blood flow (stasis)?

A

MI, Afib, aneurisms, arterial branch points, viscous blood, immobilization, ruptured atherosclerotic plaques, vascular malformations

32
Q

What are non-genetic causes of hypercoagulable blood?

A

Pre/Post-partum, post-trauma, nephrotic syndrome, tumors producing prothrombotic products, APL syndrome, old age

33
Q

What is white clot syndrome/heparin induced thrombocytopenia?

A

Illness caused by antibodies to heparin & platelet factor IV.
Masses of platelets become white clots, existing thrombi extend, moderate thrombocytopenia

34
Q

What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?

A

Excessive clotting then excessive bleeding, both platelet/clotting factor consumption and plasmin activation
Histo: will see schistocytes, thrombocytopenia

35
Q

What causes of DIC cause thromboplastin to get into the bloodstream?

A

OB emergencies, cancer, APL, infarcts, hemolysis, snakebites

36
Q

What causes of DIC damage the epithelium?

A

Rickettsial dz, meninococcemia, vasculitis, toxemia of pregnancy

37
Q

What causes DIC via epithelial damage AND increased thromboplastin into the bloodstream?

A

Massive trauma, large infarcts, shock, Gm- sepsis, burns, heat stroke, emerging infectious diseases (i.e. ebola, marburg)

38
Q

What kind of edema will pit?

What can cause this?

A

Edema due to transudates- excess total body fluid and increased venous hydrostatic pressure
CHF, Liver dx, Kidney kz

39
Q

What is hyperemia?

A

Increased blood flow to and organ- arterioles dilated more then venules. Typically red, throbs. i.e. blushing

40
Q

What is congestion?

A

Decreased blood flow from an organ due to impaired venous drainage. Purple. i.e. Tourniquet

41
Q

What is nutmeg liver?

A

Congestion of blood in the liver due to pooling of blood post-mortem

Mechanisms of Disease (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions