Cell Adaptation, Injury, and Death Flashcards
What is cachexia?
Wasting of entire body, mediated by cytokines (destroys muscle over fat)
What is the difference between a symptom and a sign?
Symptom: Patients subjective observation
Sign: Evidence of disease discovered by the physician
What is the relationship between incidence and prevalence?
Incidence: Number of new cases/ unit time
Prevalence: Number of people sick at any one time (Incidence x average duration)
What is a cyst?
An abnormal, fluid-filled, epithelially-lined, closed structure
What is the difference between a true diverticulum and a pseudodiverticulum?
True diverticulum: includes muscle, all 3 layers outpouched (i.e. Meckels, vermiform appendix)
Pseudodiverticulum: mucosa only-outpouches through the muscle (i.e. Zenker’s)
What would pyknosis look like?
Single, darkened, small/shriveled nuclei (dead cell)
What would karyolysis look like?
NO nucleus, it has already broken up (dead cell)
What would karyorrhexis look like?
Multiple, small, broken up nuclei (nuclear dust)
What is the difference between a cytolytic and a cytopathic virus?
Cytolytic viruses- Lyses cells while they grow (don’t change morphology)
Cytopathic virus- Causes morphologic changes, hijacks genome
What is an amyloid?
Beta-pleated protein accumulation
What is systemic Ischemia?
Shock
Hypoxia of whole body, heart cannot pump enough blood
What is the difference between dry and wet gangrene?
- Dry- coagulation necrosis (dried up, can’t be hydrolyzed)
* Wet- liquefaction necrosis (infected by hydrolyzing clostridium)
What is hemosiderin?
The compact, storage form of iron
What is lipofuscin?
A breakdown product of cell membranes (pigment), stored in lysosomes
What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?
Calcification of mitochondria
What is ischemic hypoxia (ischemia)?
What could cause it?
Loss of arterial blood flow
Cause: Occlusion of an artery
What is hypoxemia?
Not enough Oxygen in the blood
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
What could cause it?
The failure of cytochromes
Caused by CO or cyanide poisoning
What is caseous necrosis?
Mass apoptosis leads to dead cells crumbling into “cheese-like” powder (i.e. tuberculosis)
What is liquefaction necrosis?
Hydrolysis of proteins leads to pus formation by neutrophils
What is enzymatic (fat) necrosis?
Fats are saponified, lipases release FFA from lipids which form salts with Ca++
What is coagulation necrosis?
Denaturation/hypoxia of cells-> cytoplasm becomes hyper-eosinophilic. Pyknosis of nuclei.
What are inclusion bodies?
Masses of virus observed in the nucleus of cytoplasm
What is fatty change?
Accumulation of neutral fat in cells
i.e. in the liver of an alcoholic
What is dystrophic calcification?
Accumulation of Ca++ at site of disease
What is metastatic calcification?
Precipitation of CaPO4 in healthy tissues due to elevated blood Ca++, PO4, or both
What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Hypertrophy: Individual cells become larger
Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells
What is a fistula?
An abnormal, epithelially-lined communication between 2 surfaces (i.e. a piercing)
What is the difference between atresia and stenosis?
Atresia: Failure of lumen to form
Stenosis: Lumen is too narrow
What is Forme Fruste?
Mild variant of longstanding, more severe disease
What does Pathognomonic mean?
A particular abnormality only found in one disease/condition (i.e. fetal heartbeat is pathognomonic for pregnancy)
What are the 4 kinds of biopsies?
- Closed- Tissue obtained wi/out making a surgical incision
- Open- Access to tissue via surgery
- Incisional- Tissue taken for dx from a larger diseased structure
- Excisional-Entire mass/organ taken for dx
What is a Becker’s nevus?
A patch of dark, hairy skin on the trunk (sensitive to testosterone)
What is the most damaging free radical?
Hydroxyl radical (OH)
What is a hamartoma?
An odd arrangement of tissue, but in the correct place
