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Mechanisms of Disease > Cell Adaptation, Injury, and Death > Flashcards

Cell Adaptation, Injury, and Death Flashcards

1
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Wasting of entire body, mediated by cytokines (destroys muscle over fat)

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2
Q

What is the difference between a symptom and a sign?

A

Symptom: Patients subjective observation
Sign: Evidence of disease discovered by the physician

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3
Q

What is the relationship between incidence and prevalence?

A

Incidence: Number of new cases/ unit time
Prevalence: Number of people sick at any one time (Incidence x average duration)

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4
Q

What is a cyst?

A

An abnormal, fluid-filled, epithelially-lined, closed structure

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5
Q

What is the difference between a true diverticulum and a pseudodiverticulum?

A

True diverticulum: includes muscle, all 3 layers outpouched (i.e. Meckels, vermiform appendix)
Pseudodiverticulum: mucosa only-outpouches through the muscle (i.e. Zenker’s)

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6
Q

What would pyknosis look like?

A

Single, darkened, small/shriveled nuclei (dead cell)

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7
Q

What would karyolysis look like?

A

NO nucleus, it has already broken up (dead cell)

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8
Q

What would karyorrhexis look like?

A

Multiple, small, broken up nuclei (nuclear dust)

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9
Q

What is the difference between a cytolytic and a cytopathic virus?

A

Cytolytic viruses- Lyses cells while they grow (don’t change morphology)
Cytopathic virus- Causes morphologic changes, hijacks genome

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10
Q

What is an amyloid?

A

Beta-pleated protein accumulation

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11
Q

What is systemic Ischemia?

A

Shock

Hypoxia of whole body, heart cannot pump enough blood

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12
Q

What is the difference between dry and wet gangrene?

A
  • Dry- coagulation necrosis (dried up, can’t be hydrolyzed)

* Wet- liquefaction necrosis (infected by hydrolyzing clostridium)

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13
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A

The compact, storage form of iron

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14
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

A breakdown product of cell membranes (pigment), stored in lysosomes

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15
Q

What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?

A

Calcification of mitochondria

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16
Q

What is ischemic hypoxia (ischemia)?

What could cause it?

A

Loss of arterial blood flow

Cause: Occlusion of an artery

17
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Not enough Oxygen in the blood

18
Q

What is histotoxic hypoxia?

What could cause it?

A

The failure of cytochromes

Caused by CO or cyanide poisoning

19
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

Mass apoptosis leads to dead cells crumbling into “cheese-like” powder (i.e. tuberculosis)

20
Q

What is liquefaction necrosis?

A

Hydrolysis of proteins leads to pus formation by neutrophils

21
Q

What is enzymatic (fat) necrosis?

A

Fats are saponified, lipases release FFA from lipids which form salts with Ca++

22
Q

What is coagulation necrosis?

A

Denaturation/hypoxia of cells-> cytoplasm becomes hyper-eosinophilic. Pyknosis of nuclei.

23
Q

What are inclusion bodies?

A

Masses of virus observed in the nucleus of cytoplasm

24
Q

What is fatty change?

A

Accumulation of neutral fat in cells

i.e. in the liver of an alcoholic

25
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Accumulation of Ca++ at site of disease

26
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Precipitation of CaPO4 in healthy tissues due to elevated blood Ca++, PO4, or both

27
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

A

Hypertrophy: Individual cells become larger
Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells

28
Q

What is a fistula?

A

An abnormal, epithelially-lined communication between 2 surfaces (i.e. a piercing)

29
Q

What is the difference between atresia and stenosis?

A

Atresia: Failure of lumen to form
Stenosis: Lumen is too narrow

30
Q

What is Forme Fruste?

A

Mild variant of longstanding, more severe disease

31
Q

What does Pathognomonic mean?

A

A particular abnormality only found in one disease/condition (i.e. fetal heartbeat is pathognomonic for pregnancy)

32
Q

What are the 4 kinds of biopsies?

A
  • Closed- Tissue obtained wi/out making a surgical incision
  • Open- Access to tissue via surgery
  • Incisional- Tissue taken for dx from a larger diseased structure
  • Excisional-Entire mass/organ taken for dx
33
Q

What is a Becker’s nevus?

A

A patch of dark, hairy skin on the trunk (sensitive to testosterone)

34
Q

What is the most damaging free radical?

A

Hydroxyl radical (OH)

35
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

An odd arrangement of tissue, but in the correct place

Mechanisms of Disease (12 decks)

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