Inflammation and Cytokines

Question 1

Features of acute inflammation

Answer 1

Short duration
Exudation of fluid and plasma protein
Neutriphil and monocyte infiltration

Question 2

Chronic inflammation features

Answer 2

Longer duration
Mononuclear
vascular proliferation
Scarring

Question 3

What are cytokines main function

Answer 3

drivers of inflammation

Question 4

What are cytokines features

Answer 4

Small peptides

produced and secreted by cells of immune system

Question 5

What are 2 types of cytokines

Answer 5

Monokines and lymphokines

Question 6

What is meant by autocrine

Answer 6

Cytokine binds to receptor on cell that is secreted on it

Question 7

What is meant by paracrine

Answer 7

Cytokine binds to receptor on nearby cells

Question 8

What is meant by endocrine

Answer 8

Cytokine binds to cells in different parts of the body

Question 9

What are the 4 different properties of cytokines

Answer 9

1. Pleiotopic- same cytokine act on different cell types
   - different cell types secrete the same cytokine
2. Redundant - similar functions can be stimulated by different cytokines
3. Synergy- two or more cytokines having greater than additive effects
4. Antagonism- one cytokine inhibits the action of another

Question 10

What families are cytokines involved in?

Answer 10

Haematopoietin family
Interferon family
Tumour necrosis factor family
Chemokine family

Question 11

When is interleukin -2 produced?

Answer 11

following t -cell activation by APC

Question 12

How does interleukin 2 act?

Answer 12

in an autocrine loop to induce t-cell proliferation

Question 13

What is the difference in the alpha and gamma chain?

Answer 13

Alpha chain- cytokine specific

Gamma chain- shared by a number of cytokine receptors

Question 14

What is the role of interleukin 4

Answer 14

Stimulates the role of B cell proliferation

Question 15

What produces interleukin 4?

Answer 15

Activated t helper cells

Question 16

What is Il-4 used for?

Answer 16

Growth factor for mast cells
Production of Ig G1 and IgE
Vital for immunoglobulin class switch

Question 17

What produces interleukin -17

Answer 17

activated T helper 17 cells

Question 18

What does IL-17 do?

Answer 18

Drives bone reabsoption in arthritis
induces neutrophil maturation and activation
major role in infectious diseases

Question 19

What is Tumour necrosis factor alpha?

Answer 19

Principle mediator of anti-bacterial response

Question 20

Where is tumour necrosis factor alpha derived from?

Answer 20

Macrophages and Tcells

Question 21

What does tumour necrosis factor alpha do?

Answer 21

Induces neutraphil activation
activates endothelial cells
Long term- cachexia
acts on the hypothalmus to induce fever

Question 22

What are the 2 types of inhibitory cytokines?

Answer 22

transforming growth factor

IL-10

Question 23

What does transforming growth factor do?

Answer 23

Suppresses lymphocyte function

Question 24

What does IL-10 do?

Answer 24

Suppresses immune system

Question 25

What happens with cytokine dysregulation?

Answer 25

Asthma/allergy

Dysregulation of TH1/TH2 balance Th2 cytokines overproduced

Question 26

What cells are dysregulated during an autoimmune response?

Answer 26

Th17

Question 27

What does tumour necrosis factor induce during bacterial septic shock?

Answer 27

IL-1
IL-6
IL-8

Question 28

What is chagas?

Answer 28

Severe immune suppression

depresssion of IL-2 receptor production